https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-2250
Abstract
Background
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is connected with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and prognosis. In addition, residual lymph node burden after NAC is likely important for prognosis. However, most studies have focused on the predictive value of NLR for NAC pathological complete response (pCR) rate. The relationship between NLR and post-operative residual lymph node ratio (LNR), and their prognostic values remain to be determined.
Methods
We retrospectively studied 282 patients with breast cancer who underwent curative surgery after NAC from 2008 to 2018. We collected pretreatment NLR in peripheral blood, the response to NAC, and the amount of axillary lymph nodes (positive and total) from patients who received axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). We followed up all patients from 2 to 116 months, with an average of 63 months. We analyzed the predictive value of pretherapeutic NLR in peripheral blood on the response of NAC, including pCR rate and postoperative LNR. The prognostic value of NLR and LNR was also analyzed.
Results
A pCR was achieved in 20 (27.0%) of 74 patients with low NLR, and 34 (16.3%) of 208 with high NLR (P = 0.045). In luminal A and luminal B tumors, patients with high NLR tended to have elevated LNR (LNR>0.5; P=0.041). In Kaplan–Meier analysis, overall survival of patients with low NLR (NLR < 1.8; P = 0.033) was longer than that of patients with high NLR (NLR ≥ 1.8). Moreover, by multivariable analysis, LNR was negatively correlated with overall survival (P < 0.05) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
pCR rate, post-operative remaining lymph node involvement and overall survival in all patients who received NAC may be predicted by NLR. Low NLR and LNR may suggest favorable outcomes.
Introduction
Great progresses have been made in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer.Citation1,Citation2 The function of NAC has been evolving, from debulking tumor burden in local advanced breast cancer and increasing breast conservation rate in relatively large tumors, to prediction of better prognosis in patients who achieved pathological complete response (pCR), especially in triple negative and HER2-positive diseases.Citation3–Citation7 Patients with residual tumors after NAC should receive treatments such as administration of capecitabine or TD-M1 to improve the prognosis.Citation8,Citation9 Therefore, to schedule treatment individually, it is important to find predictive markers for NAC.
Cancer-related inflammation has a critical effect on cancer development and progression. In tumor patients, abnormalities occur in circulating white blood cells, with a main change in the proportions of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.Citation10 Neutrophils release pro-inflammatory factors that promote cancer progression. In contrast to neutrophils, lymphocytes are a tumor-inhibiting factor.Citation11,Citation12 Thus, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be associated with systemic inflammatory responses in tumor patients. In a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, a high NLR correlated with poor prognosis.Citation13–Citation18 Furthermore, NLR had predictive value for chemosensitivity.Citation19,Citation20
Lymph node staging of breast cancer, on the basis of the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging system,Citation21,Citation22 is based on positive lymph node count but not the entire number of lymph nodes dissected or the negative lymph node count. Numerous studies have indicated that lymph node ratio (LNR) has prognostic value in breast cancer.Citation23–Citation25 As total lymph nodes by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is comprised of positive and negative lymph nodes, it is essential to bring the negative lymph node count into consideration for predicting breast cancer prognosis. We have found that a combination of the negative lymph node count with LNR could be a substitute for positive lymph node count alone in predicting postoperative breast cancer survival.Citation26 Besides, concerning the optimal cutoff of LNR for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients, previous studies have still not reached a consensus.Citation27–Citation29 Therefore, the prognostic value of LNR after NAC still needs to be determined.
In this study, we assessed the predictive value of NLR for NAC pCR rate and the prognostic value of both NLR and LNR after NAC. We also evaluated the correlation between NLR and LNR.
Methods
Patients
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 282 patients who were diagnosed with primary breast cancer and who received NAC in hospital from March 2008 to March 2018. The inclusion criteria were given below: (1) diagnosed as primary breast cancer by core needle biopsy before NAC; (2) female with clinical stage I–III; (3) obtained NAC and subsequent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. We excluded those patients with inflammatory breast cancer, stage IV disease, and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Commission of West China Hospital of Sichuan University approved this research, and every participator signed informed consent.Citation30
We collected information on age, pretreatment tumor size (T), tumor grade, lymph node status (N), status of metastasis (M), NAC regimen, surgical intervention, and outcomes (pathology results, response to NAC). Tumor stage was defined according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, UICC Seventh Edition.Citation22 Subgroup analysis was performed for three subtypes: luminal-HER2-negative breast cancer (hormone receptor (estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)) positive and HER2 negative), HER2-positive breast cancer (HER2 overexpressed and amplified with any ER/PR status), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER negative, PR negative, and HER2 not overexpressed nor amplified). Laboratory results included absolute neutrophil count and absolute lymphocyte count from peripheral blood obtained at the time of diagnosis, before NAC. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was defined as the ratio of neutrophil count to lymphocyte count from the peripheral blood sample.
Treatment
Every single patient got a standard protocol of NAC that comprised of 6 courses of TAC (75 mg/m2 docetaxel, 60 mg/m2 epirubicin, and 500 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide) every three weeks, or four courses of EC (90 mg/m2 epirubicin and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide) every two weeks followed by 4 courses of 175 mg/m2 paclitaxel administered every two weeks or four courses of 100 mg/m2 docetaxel administered every three weeks. Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer got 6 mg/kg of trastuzumab every three weeks at the time of docetaxel treatment as well.Citation30
The response to NAC was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria (version 1.1).Citation31 After NAC, all 282 patients underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. Among them, 258 patients went through ALND. Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as the complete disappearance of the invasive compartment of the lesion with or without intraductal components, including in the lymph nodes.Citation7 Positive lymph node ratio (LNR) was worked out by dividing the number of involved lymph nodes by the number of dissected lymph nodes. In accordance with former studies,Citation32–Citation34 we grouped LNR values into LNR categories (LNRC: 0, 0.01–0.20, 0.21–0.65, >0.65), or by single LNR value 0.5 (high LNR: >0.5, low LNR: ≤0.5). The treatment (including NAC, surgery, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy) of each patient was given in line with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines.Citation35
Follow-Up
After surgery, all the patients were assessed every three months for two years, and then every six months after two years. The median follow-up was 63 (range 2–116) months. Physical examination and ultrasound for breast and locoregional lymph nodes were performed at every visit to monitor tumor recurrence. Mammography and chest CT scans were performed every year.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed through the SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). NLR cut-off points were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier analysis. The Log rank test was used to compare the difference of variables between the two groups. We used a chi-square test to assess the association between NLR and clinical-pathological parameters as well as LNR. Overall survival and disease-free survival were evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method (Log rank test) and Cox proportional hazard model as univariate and multivariate analysis. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Optimal Cutoff Value of NLR
ROC analysis () revealed the optimal cutoff of NLR was 1.8, and the corresponding area under the ROC curve as 0.591 (P=0.043). We divided the patients into high NLR (> 1.8) and low NLR (≤ 1.8) groups.
Figure 1 Receiver operating curve for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was plotted to determine the optimum cut-off for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).
Patient Features
We analyzed 282 patients, 208 with a high NLR and 74 with low NLR. presents the baseline characteristics of the patients, showing the association of NLR with clinicopathological parameters. Low NLR was significantly correlated with pCR (P = 0.045, Pearson chi-square test) and decreased death events (P = 0.033, Pearson chi-square test). A pCR was achieved in 20 (27.0%) of 74 patients with low NLR and 34 (16.3%) of 208 patients with high NLR (P = 0.045; ).
Table 1 Correlation Between Clinicopathological Parameters and NLR
Figure 2 The response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) high and low groups.
Association Between NLR and LNR
After NAC, 258 patients experienced ALND. Our analysis showed an association between NLR and LNR for these patients according to the molecular subtyping (). A notable difference existed in luminal A and luminal B tumors (P = 0.041, Pearson test) and no statistical significance in HER2-enriched and TNBC as well as total patients (Fisher’s Exact test, Fisher’s Exact test and Pearson's test, respectively).
Table 2 Correlation Between NLR and LNR in Various Subtypes
The Prognostic Value of NLR and LNR
Using Kaplan–Meier analysis (Log rank test), we found a lower NLR associated with longer overall survival (P = 0.033) but not with disease-free survival (P = 0.413; ). Moreover, patients with more residual lymph node involvement (high LNR) showed shorter overall survival (P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (P < 0.001; ). However, there was no significant difference in overall survival and disease-free survival between LNR=0 and NLR= 0.01–0.2 (P > 0.05; Supplementary Figure 1).
Figure 3 The prognostic value of NLR for overall survival (A) and disease-free survival (B).
Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier analysis of overall survival and disease-free survival of patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection in (A and B) positive lymph node ratio categories (LNRC) and (C and D) single LNR value (0.5).
Univariate analysis for prognosis indicated that, either by LNRC or single LNR value 0.5, the rise in LNR was associated with less overall survival (P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (P < 0.001; ); High NLR was related to unfavorable overall survival (P=0.042). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that rising LNR was independently correlated to severe prognosis by LNRC ().
Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Factors Affecting Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival
Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival
Discussion
In this study, we analyzed the association between NLR and prognosis (including the efficacy of NAC and survival outcomes) in breast cancer patients who received NAC. We found that low pretreatment NLR was a favorable prognostic predictor, which indicated that lower NLR (<1.8) was significantly associated with higher pCR rate and longer overall survival; these findings agreed with earlier reports.Citation7,Citation18,Citation36,Citation37 However, our study did not show any significant correlation between pretreatment NLR and disease-free survival (P = 0.413). Therefore, additional prospective and multicenter research is needed to affirm the relationship between NLR and survival outcomes of breast cancer patients who receive NAC.
Among circulating immune cells, neutrophils secrete many factors that promote cancer development,Citation11,Citation38,Citation39 whereas lymphocytes exert a key function in the immune reaction against neoplasm. A high NLR in the peripheral blood, reflecting systemic inflammatory response to tumors, was reported as a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer.Citation7,Citation18,Citation36,Citation37 For patients who received NAC, we obtained a similar conclusion, ie, a high NLR was predictive for the inadequate reaction to NAC and poor survival. Our findings may have resulted from impaired host immune responses to malignancy.
Currently, axillary nodal status after NAC is based only on residual positive lymph node count and evaluated by TNM staging, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Axillary nodal status does not include the number of negative lymph node count. Rarely has the prognostic value of the negative lymph node count been reported. Wang et al.Citation40 found that patients with a high negative lymph node count (≥10) had better survival after NAC. In our study, we assessed the prognosis of patients who went through ALND after NAC by LNR. We found that the increase in LNR, which suggested more lymph node residue and less negative lymph nodes, was markedly correlated with poor prognosis. Besides, we found LNR by LNRC could be an independent prognostic factor. Thus, more negative lymph nodes after NAC may indicate stronger host lymphatic response to malignancy after treatment and better prognosis.
Few studies have emphasized on the association between pretreatment NLR and post-NAC axillary nodal residue in breast cancer patients. In our study, we found that NLR was a predictive factor for lymph node involvement in luminal A and luminal B patients after NAC. Patients with high NLR showed higher LNR. Thus, we combined immune response in peripheral blood and in axillary lymph nodes. We found that both measurements were parameters for superior clinical outcomes of patients who received NAC.
Our investigation was a single-center, retrospective study, and the strength of our conclusion was weakened. Therefore, large-scale prospective clinical studies are needed to validate our results.
Conclusion
In summary, we have shown that decreased pretreatment NLR in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients predicted higher pCR rate after NAC and better overall survival. We reported for the first time that NLR was positively correlated with positive lymph node ratio in patients who went through ALND after NAC.
Abbreviations
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pCR, pathological complete response; LNR, lymph node ratio; AJCC, the American Joint Committee on Cancer; UICC, International Union Against Cancer; LNRC, positive lymph node ratio categories; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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