https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-3504
Abstract
Introduction
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are standard first-line treatments for advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in older patients including poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) is seldom investigated.
Methods
We enrolled patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and evaluated the efficacy and prognosis of first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Clinical and demographic characteristics were reviewed and analyzed, including age, sex, PS, smoking history, EGFR mutation type, treatment regimen, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).
Results
From January 2015 to December 2019, a total of 237 patients were included, 205 of whom were eligible for efficacy and outcome analyses. Among them, 91 (44.4%) were categorized as poor PS (2–4). Compared with patients categorized as good PS (0–1), those with poor PS were older (79 versus 75 years), had a higher proportion of brain metastases (41.8% versus 25.4%), more comorbidities (74.7% versus 54.4%), and more likely to be treated with first-generation TKIs (74.7% versus 57.0%). The PFS and OS were 17.1 and 26.7 months respectively in patients with good PS and 12.7 and 18.2 months in those with poor PS (both p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, good PS, <3 metastatic sites, and first-line treatment with afatinib compared with erlotinib and gefitinib were associated with longer PFS. A relatively younger age, good PS, < 3 metastatic sites, and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with better OS.
Conclusion
In older patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and receive EGFR-TKI treatment, a good PS and <3 metastatic sites at diagnosis were associated with a longer PFS and OS. In addition, afatinib as first-line treatment was associated with a longer PFS whereas a relatively younger age and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with better OS.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, including in Taiwan.Citation1 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancer cases, and more than 70% of NSCLC patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease (Stage III or IV) at initial diagnosis.Citation2
In Taiwan, approximately two-thirds of all lung cancer patients are older than 65 years at the time of diagnosis and have significantly inferior overall survival (OS) than those with age < 65 years.Citation3 Older patients commonly present with a reduced ability to perform activities of daily living, multiple comorbid diseases, declining organ function, and reduced cognitive function. Given the increased toxicity of chemotherapy among the older adult population, the recommended therapeutic regimens (monotherapy or platinum-based combination therapy) used to treat lung cancer in this population varies in different countries. Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated NSCLC have been reported to display a higher response rate and longer progression-free survival (PFS) when treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) compared with conventional chemotherapy.Citation4–Citation6 Several studies have reported that EGFR-TKIs produce favorable outcomes and acceptable toxicity levels among older patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC.Citation7–Citation11
Available safety and efficacy data regarding anti-cancer treatments in lung cancer patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 2–4 are quite limited because this population has been universally excluded from large clinical trials. However, patients with poor PS (2–4) comprise 34–48% of all lung cancer patients at the time of initial diagnosis.Citation12 A recent study reported that the lung cancer survival rate increased significantly following the launch of gefitinib and erlotinib in Taiwan.Citation13 However, whether the improved outcomes, including the response rate, PFS, and OS, reported for EGFR-TKI treatment can be observed among older patients with poor PS remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and prognosis of various EGFR-TKIs as first-line treatments for EGFR-mutated NSCLC in patients 65 years and older, including those with poor PS of 2–4. The associated factors that impact the outcomes in this population were also analyzed.
Materials and Methods
Patient Selection and Data Collection
This study was performed as a multicenter, retrospective study of a single medical center and 3 regional hospitals in Taiwan. Between January 2015 and December 2019, patients who fulfilled all of the following criteria were eligible for the study: 1) Diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic (Stage IIIb/IIIc/IV) NSCLC who were confirmed as positive for sensitizing EGFR mutation; 2) EGFR-TKI administered as the first-line treatment; and 3) aged ≥ 65 years at the time of EGFR-TKI treatment initiation. Patients were excluded from the study if they were involved in any clinical trials or received combination treatment, including chemotherapeutic drugs, anti-angiogenesis drugs, or radiotherapy. Patients who were switched to another EGFR-TKI drug during treatment were excluded from efficacy and prognosis analyses. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating hospitals.
The type of EGFR-TKI therapy, including 250 mg of gefitinib (Iressa®, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, England), 150 mg of erlotinib (Tarceva®, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel Switzerland), and 40 mg or 30 mg of afatinib (Giotrif®, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), was recorded at baseline under real-world settings. Demographic and clinical data related to lung cancer were collected, including age, sex, smoking status, cancer staging at diagnosis, metastatic site, EGFR mutation subtype, ECOG PS score, and comorbid diseases at baseline.
Statistical Analysis
Efficacy and prognosis analyses were conducted for all patients who received afatinib, erlotinib, or gefitinib as first-line treatment. Continuous variables with non-normal distributions are expressed as the median (range), whereas categorical variables are expressed as the frequency (percentage). The Kruskal–Wallis analysis was used to compare continuous variables among different groups. The Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare response rates among different subgroups. The median time to PFS and OS were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Subgroup analyses for the objective response rate were implemented according to ECOG PS score, age, and TKI treatment. Univariate Cox regression analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of clinical factors on the prognosis of lung cancer patients treated with EGFR-TKIs. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and R 3.6.0 software. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05.
Results
A total of 237 patients with NSCLC were screened and enrolled in this study. Of these patients, 32 were excluded due to switching to another TKI drug or missing data, resulting in a total of 205 patients being included in endpoint analyses. Among those patients, 51 (26.0%) were still living at the data collection cutoff point of December 31, 2020. The demographic characteristics of the studied population are presented in . The median age was 77 years, ranging from 65 to 95 years. The proportions of patients with PS scores of 0–1 and 2–4 were 55.6% and 44.4%, respectively. A large proportion of the patients were women (59.5%), and most were never-smokers (70.2%), followed by former (16.1%) and current smokers (13.7%). Most patients were initially diagnosed at Stage IV (95.6%), with <3 metastatic sites (64.9%). The most common metastatic sites were bone (42.0%), lung (39.0%), pleural effusion (38.0%), brain (32.7%), and liver (8.3%). When treatment was analyzed, 46.3%, 18.5%, 17.6%, and 17.6% of patients were treated with 250 mg gefitinib, 150 mg erlotinib, 40 mg afatinib, and 30 mg afatinib, respectively. The median PFS and OS of the included patients were 13.6 and 26.0 months, respectively.
Table 1 Demographic Information and Baseline Characteristics of the Patients Included in This Study
summarizes the baseline characteristics of patients according to ECOG PS scores. Compared with patients classified as good PS (0–1), those with poor PS were older (79 versus 75 years, p < 0.001), had a higher proportion of brain metastases (41.8% versus 25.4%, p = 0.013), were more likely to present with comorbidities (74.7% versus 54.4%, p = 0.008), and were more likely to receive first-generation TKIs (74.7% versus 57.0%, p = 0.026). Among patients with PS of 0–1, the PFS and OS were longer than those with PS of 2–4 (PFS: 17.1 versus 12.7 months, p < 0.001; OS: 26.7 versus 18.2 months, p < 0.001; ). When sorted by patient subgroups, as shown in , older patients were associated with a higher portion of Stage III disease (p = 0.012) and poorer PS (p < 0.001) but fewer bone metastases (p = 0.030). illustrates that older patients were associated with significantly worse OS (27.3, 20.1, and 14.1 months [p = 0.015] in patients aged 65 to <75 years, 75 to <85 years, and ≥85 years, respectively) but not with significantly worse PFS (17.6, 14.2, and 11.9 months [p = 0.100] in patients aged 65 to <75 years, 75 to <85 years, and ≥85 years, respectively). As shown in , patients treated with afatinib were relatively younger (p = 0.056), had better PS scores (p = 0.026), fewer liver metastases (p = 0.002), and were associated with significantly better PFS (13.7, 13.2, and 21.4 months in patients treated with gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib [p < 0.001], respectively), but not for OS (20.2, 20.0, and 29.0 months in patients treated with gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib [p = 0.086], respectively; ).
Table 2 Subgroup Analysis of Different ECOG PS Groups
Table 3 Subgroup Analysis of Different Age Groups
Table 4 Subgroup Analysis of Patients Receiving Different TKI Treatments
Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier plots in months of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Patients were grouped according to ECOG PS—0–1 (red, N = 114) and 2–4 (blue, N = 91). The number of patients at risk at 0, 20, 40 and 60 months for each group are indicated in the table below the Kaplan–Meier plot. (A) PFS probability between different ECOG groups. (B) OS probability between different ECOG groups.
Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier plots in months of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Patients were grouped according to age group—65–75 (green, N = 91), 75–85 (blue, N = 91) and >85 (red, N = 23). (A) PFS probability between different age groups. (B) OS probability between different age groups.
Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier plots in months of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Patients were grouped according to TKI drug treatment—afatinib (red, N = 72), erlotinib (green, N = 38) and gefitinib (blue, N = 95). (A) PFS probability between different TKI drug treatments. (B) OS probability between different TKI drug treatments.
In the subgroup survival analysis, significant differences were identified between patients with and without brain metastases at diagnosis, with PFS of 12.2 and 16.2 months (p = 0.033) and OS of 17.7 and 26.7 months (p = 0.0023), respectively (). shows that patients with ≥3 metastatic sites, compared with those with <3 metastatic sites, were associated with shorter PFS (13.2 versus 17.1 months, p = 0.027) and OS (17.7 versus 27.8 months, p = 0.008). There were no significant differences of PFS (p= 0.067) or OS (p = 0.13) between patients with or without liver metastases (Figure S1).
Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier plots in months of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Patients were grouped according to the absence or presence of brain metastases—absence (red, N = 138) or presence (blue, N = 67). The number of patients at risk at 0, 20, 40 and 60 months for each group are indicated in the table below the Kaplan–Meier plot. (A) PFS probability between with or without brain metastasis. (B) OS probability with or without brain metastasis.
Figure 5 Kaplan–Meier plots of in months of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. Patients were grouped according to the number of metastatic sites—<3 (red, N = 133) or ≥3 (blue, N = 72). The number of patients at risk at 0, 20, 40 and 60 months for each group are indicated in the table below the Kaplan–Meier plot. (A) PFS probability between patient groups with <3 or ≥3 metastatic sites. (B) OS probability between patient groups with <3 or ≥3 metastatic sites.
In the multivariable survival analysis, a good ECOG PS of 0–1, afatinib as the first-line treatment, and <3 metastatic sites at diagnosis were significantly associated with longer PFS. Relatively younger age, a good ECOG PS, <3 metastatic sites, and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with better OS ().
Figure 6 Forest plot of the multivariable survival analyses of patients 65 years or older with EGFR-mutated Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC and receiving first-line EGFR-TKI treatment. (A) PFS in different patient groups. (B) OS in different patient groups.
Discussion
In this multicenter, retrospective study, we examined the efficacy of first-line EGFR-TKI treatment for older (≥65 years) patients with poor ECOG PS in Taiwan. Our study indicated that patients with poor ECOG PS tended to be older, were more likely to present with brain metastases and comorbidities, and were more likely to receive first-generation TKIs compared to those with good ECOG PS. A good PS and <3 metastatic sites in this population were associated with better PFS and OS. Use of afatinib as the first-line treatment rather than gefitinib or erlotinib were associated with longer PFS, whereas a younger age in the elderly and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with longer OS.
Compared with conventional chemotherapy, EGFR-TKI therapy was associated with a higher response rate, better symptom control, and quality of life improvements among patients with advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC.Citation14–Citation17 However, older patients are frequently undertreated due to the expectation these will present with poor tolerance for treatment.Citation18 The use of standard treatment protocols, including chemotherapy and targeted therapy, is recommended for patients with good PS, regardless of age.Citation19 Previous studies have demonstrated that efficacy and tolerance of EGFR-TKI were comparable between older patients and the general population among those with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.Citation10 Some studies have indicated that older patients exhibited higher EGFR-TKI response rates and longer OS than the general population.Citation20,Citation21 The current study using a real-world setting, found the median PFS and OS among older patients were 13.6 and 26.0 months, which was comparable to previously reported studies in the general population.Citation22 Nevertheless, the relatively older patients still tended to have poorer PS and were associated with worse OS.
Although conventional chemotherapy is not recommended for lung cancer patients with poor PS, modern anti-cancer treatments, including immunotherapies and targeted therapies, are relatively convenient and less toxic than chemotherapy. Although those treatments had been used in the clinical setting for cancer patients with poor PS, limited data are available regarding the treatment efficacy in NSCLC patients with poor PS. A recent cohort study and a previous meta-analysis indicated that among patients treated with immunotherapy, ECOG PS ≥ 2 was associated with a poor prognosis.Citation23,Citation24 After multivariate analysis, our study showed that PS remained an important prognostic factor for PFS and OS among older patients treated with EGFR-TKIs.
More metastatic sites indicate a higher tumor burden and may reflect the aggressiveness and rapid growth of cancer cells, which might be associated with a poor prognosis. Oh et al reported that tumor burden and the number of metastatic sites are predictors of poor outcomes in patients with NSCLC.Citation25 A similar study, reported by Park et al, also indicated that the number of metastatic sites serves as a predictive factor for poor response and survival among patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC who receive gefitinib treatment.Citation26 These findings were in concordance to our present study, which showed that ≥3 metastatic sites at diagnosis was a strong prognostic factor for PFS and OS among older patients with NSCLC.
Approximately 20% of newly diagnosed patients with advanced NSCLC have brain metastases, which are often associated with more neurological symptoms, poor quality of life, and worse prognosis.Citation27 Patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations are more likely to suffer from brain metastases compared with those without EGFR mutations.Citation28 Although EGFR-TKIs demonstrate favorable intracranial responses in those patients with brain metastases, brain metastases have continued to be associated with a poor OS in previous studies.Citation25,Citation29,Citation30 The subgroup analyses in the current study similarly indicated that the presence of brain metastases were marginally associated with shorter PFS and significantly associated with poor OS after multivariate analysis. Previous studies indicated liver metastasis was a significant poor prognostic factor in the EGFR-mutant patients, which was not observed in the current study, probably due to different population groups or relatively limited case numbers in this study.Citation31,Citation32
Another finding of current study indicated patients first-line treatment with afatinib, a second-generation EGFR-TKI, resulted in longer PFS as compared to those treated with erlotinib and gefitinib. Previous large studies demonstrated that afatinib significantly prolonged PFS compared to conventional chemotherapy (LUX-Lung 3 and LUX-Lung 6) or gefitinib (LUX-Lung 7), independent of age.Citation10 Real-world studies also exhibited that afatinib has similar or even better efficacy compared with first-generation EGFR-TKIs across a broad range of patients in diverse clinical practice settings.Citation30,Citation33–Citation35 One of these real-world data, similar to present study, implied afatinib was more likely to be used for younger patients in a better condition than other first-generation TKI inhibitors and observed a longer PFS and possible OS.Citation34 In the current study, after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age and ECOG-PS, first-line treatment with afatinib was still independently associated with a longer PFS.
Other EGFR-TKIs like osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI, was currently a preferred first-line treatment for advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients.Citation19 Treatment with osimertinib showed significant improvements in PFS and OS compared with gefitinib or erlotinib treatment, with a lower rate of serious adverse events.Citation36 A retrospective study of 30 NSCLC patients with EGFR T790M mutation and poor PS of 2–4, demonstrated comparable efficacy and acceptable safety as previously studies.Citation37 However, osimertinib may not be available or affordable in certain countries. Afatinib is likely the best alternative option as a first-line treatment in patients with limited access to osimertinib, to achieve the best PFS improvements.
The limitation of our study was that the use of a real-world, population-based setting resulted in imbalances when the study population was examined by different patient characteristics. For example, most of the older patients and patients with poor PS included in the current study were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib. In addition, the sample size was relatively small, which may also introduce bias and limit the possibility for general implications. Although the population of poor PS patients included in this study was relatively larger than those of previously reported studies, these findings require validation in future prospective, large-scale studies.
Conclusion
Our findings suggested that among older patients (≥65 years), those with EGFR-mutated and poor ECOG PS who receive EGFR-TKI treatment tended to be older, with a higher proportion of brain metastases, more comorbidities, and more likely to be treated with first-generation TKIs. A good PS of 0–1, <3 metastatic sites, and the use of afatinib as first-line treatment rather than gefitinib or erlotinib, were associated with longer PFS among older patients. Relatively younger age, good PS, <3 metastatic sites, and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with better OS. These results may provide insights for the improved clinical care of older patients treated with EGFR-TKIs.
Key Points
Whether the improved outcomes for EGFR-TKI treatment can be observed among older patients with EGFR-mutated and poor PS remains unknown.
Older patients with EGFR-mutated and poor ECOG PS were tended to be older, with a higher proportion of brain metastases, more comorbidities, and more likely to be treated with first-generation TKIs.
Factors impact the outcomes in this population including a good PS, <3 metastatic sites, and the use of afatinib as first-line treatment rather than gefitinib or erlotinib, were associated with longer PFS among older patients. Relatively younger age, good PS, <3 metastatic sites, and no brain metastasis at diagnosis were associated with better OS.
Ethical Approval
The research was conducted in accordance with the approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of four participating hospitals (E-Da Hospital EMRP-109-02, National Taiwan University Hospital NTUH-201611059RINB, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital FEMH-109162-F, and Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital YMUH-2020A018, respectively), and waived the need to obtain consent for the collection, analysis and publication of the retrospectively obtained and anonymized data for this non-interventional study with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Disclosure
All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by research grants from E-Da Hospital (EDAHP107022).
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