Active smoking and COPD phenotype: distribution and impact on prognostic factors

Abstract

Purpose

Smoking can affect both the phenotypic expression of COPD and factors such as disease severity, quality of life, and comorbidities. Our objective was to evaluate if the impact of active smoking on these factors varies according to the disease phenotype.

Patients and methods

This was a Spanish, observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study of patients with a diagnosis of COPD. Smoking rates were described among four different phenotypes (non-exacerbators, asthma-COPD overlap syndrome [ACOS], exacerbators with emphysema, and exacerbators with chronic bronchitis), and correlated with disease severity (body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exacerbations [BODEx] index and dyspnea grade), quality of life according to the COPD assessment test (CAT), and presence of comorbidities, according to phenotypic expression.

Results

In total, 1,610 patients were recruited, of whom 46.70% were classified as non-exacerbators, 14.53% as ACOS, 16.37% as exacerbators with emphysema, and 22.40% as exacerbators with chronic bronchitis. Smokers were predominant in the latter 2 groups (58.91% and 57.67%, respectively, P=0.03). Active smoking was significantly associated with better quality of life and a higher dyspnea grade, although differences were observed depending on clinical phenotype.

Conclusion

Active smoking is more common among exacerbator phenotypes and appears to affect quality of life and dyspnea grade differently, depending on the clinical expression of the disease.

Keywords:

• COPD
• phenotype
• smoking
• prognostic factors
• quality of life

Supplementary materials

Table S1 Description of patient population included in the study

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by Grupo Ferrer (Barcelona, Spain). The authors would like to thank David Calbet for providing statistical analysis and Jose L Lorenzo for manuscript writing assistance.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.