Area under the forced expiratory flow-volume loop in spirometry indicates severe hyperinflation in COPD patients

Abstract

Background

Severe hyperinflation causes detrimental effects such as dyspnea and reduced exercise capacity and is an independent predictor of mortality in COPD patients. Static lung volumes are required to diagnose severe hyperinflation, which are not always accessible in primary care. Several studies have shown that the area under the forced expiratory flow-volume loop (AreaFE) is highly sensitive to bronchodilator response and is correlated with residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC), a common index of air trapping. In this study, we investigate the role of AreaFE% (AreaFE expressed as a percentage of reference value) and conventional spirometry parameters in indicating severe hyperinflation.

Materials and methods

We used a cohort of 215 individuals with COPD. The presence of severe hyperinflation was defined as elevated air trapping (RV/TLC >60%) or reduced inspiratory fraction (inspiratory capacity [IC]/TLC <25%) measured using body plethysmography. AreaFE% was calculated by integrating the maximal expiratory flow-volume loop with the trapezoidal rule and expressing it as a percentage of the reference value estimated using predicted values of FVC, peak expiratory flow and forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50% and 75% of FVC. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify cut-offs that were used to indicate severe hyperinflation, which were then validated in a separate group of 104 COPD subjects.

Results

ROC analysis identified cut-offs of 15% and 20% for AreaFE% in indicating RV/TLC >60% and IC/TLC <25%, respectively (N=215). On validation (N=104), these cut-offs consistently registered the highest accuracy (80% each), sensitivity (68% and 75%) and specificity (83% and 80%) among conventional parameters in both criteria of severe hyperinflation.

Conclusion

AreaFE% consistently provides a superior estimation of severe hyperinflation using different indices, and may provide a convenient way to refer COPD patients for body plethysmography to address static lung volumes.

Keywords:

• spirometry
• flow-volume loop
• air trapping
• severe hyperinflation
• COPD
• area under flow-volume loop

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Geert Celis and co-workers (Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium) for helping in the collection of patient data and their technical support in extracting data from the MasterScreen. This study is supported by a strategic basic (SB) research fellowship of the Research Foundation–Flanders (FWO).

An abstract of this paper was presented at the American Thoracic Society 2018 International Conference, May 18–23, 2018, San Diego, CA, USA, as a poster pre sentation with interim findings; the abstract has been published.³⁶

Author contributions

ND had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. ND, MT and WJ contributed to the conception and acquisition of data. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.