Translation and Cultural Adaptation of PROactive Instruments for COPD in French and Influence of Weather and Pollution on Its Difficulty Score

Abstract

Introduction

The recently developed daily and clinical visit PROactive physical activity in COPD (PPAC) instruments are hybrid tools to objectively quantify the level of physical activity and the difficulties experienced in everyday life. Our aim was to translate these instruments for the French-speaking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) community worldwide and evaluate the influence of weather and pollution on difficulty score.

Methods

The translation procedure was conducted following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation process. The translated clinical visit (C-PPAC) was tested among COPD patients in France. A retest was conducted after an interval of at least 2 weeks. The C-PPAC difficulty score was then tested to see how sensitive it was to the influence of weather and outdoor pollution.

Results

One hundred and seventeen COPD patients (age 65±9 years; FEV1: 51±20%) from 9 regions in France were included. The French version of C-PPAC was found comprehensible by the patients with an average score of 4.8/5 on a Likert-scale. It showed good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α>0.90 and a good test retest reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of ≥0.80. The difficulty score was negatively correlated with duration of daylight (ρ=−0.266; p<0.01) and influenced by the intensity of rainfall (light vs. heavy rainfall: 68±16 vs. 76±14 respectively, p=0.045). The score was lower in patients receiving long term oxygen therapy (60±15 vs. 71±15, p<0.01), but not correlated with the pollution indices.

Conclusion

The French versions of the questionnaires of the PPAC instruments are accepted and comprehensible to COPD patients. The difficulty score of C-PPAC is sensitive to duration of daylight and rainfall. Such weather factors must be taken into consideration when evaluating the physical activity behavior using these tools in COPD.

Keywords:

• COPD
• physical activity
• questionnaire
• reliability

Introduction

The Physical Activity (PA) behavior is an important outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Following numerous studies, this variable has paved its way as a significant prognostic marker in the field of research in COPD. There are consistent evidences that COPD patients show lower levels of PA when compared to their healthy peers.^1,2 Higher levels of PA have also been associated with lower risk of exacerbations, hospitalization as well as mortality in COPD.³

The use of activity monitors is known to have a great value in measuring the amount and intensity of PA.⁴ The subjective method such as the self-reports of PA perception by the patient has also widely been used with the availability of numerous questionnaires.^5,6 Although these capture the perception of a patient in a wide variety of situations, they have been known to either overestimate or underestimate their PA levels when compared to accelerometers.⁷ Thus, emphasizing that either of the method is valuable in its own way, the combination of both would rather be a topical solution.⁸

An important aspect in the measure of PA among COPD patients is to have the proper representation of how the patient perceives the daily engagement in PA. This representation covers many dimensions such as social, cultural as well as behavioral psychology which influence PA independently of the disease.⁹ The disease further adds on to the reduction of engaging in PA. The PROactive Physical Activity in COPD (PPAC) instruments, C-PPAC (clinical visit) and D-PPAC (daily) developed by the PROactive consortium are hybrid tools that respond to this need of global representation and give detailed feedback regarding patient’s PA experience. These tools give a qualitative assessment via a patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaire as well as a quantitative analysis via an activity monitor, giving two distinct scores, amount and difficulty.¹⁰ Higher scores indicate higher engagement and tolerance in PA. This global and disease-specific approach of PA remains very attractive and appropriate in the context of the fight against a sedentary lifestyle in the COPD population worldwide.

It is important to evaluate and educate the French-speaking community of COPD patients as they belong to a large linguistic group throughout the world, representing about 300 million people and the fifth most widely spoken language worldwide.¹¹ As the prevalence of COPD has dramatically increased, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, it is expected to occur in most French-speaking African countries, that to say more than half of the French-speaking community worldwide.¹²

There are only a few questionnaires assessing PA within the French community,¹³ among which, few were originally developed in French,^14–17 and even fewer in translated versions.^18–21 The French 9-item questionnaire by J. Ricci and L. Gagnon (University of Montreal) that categorizes a person’s profile into inactive, active or very active is easy to use and though broadly distributed, has no scientific validation. Most of these are targeted to general or elderly population. An evaluation specific to COPD, the DIsability RElated to COPD Tool (DIRECT), evaluates this disability in daily life with some similarities to PROactive tools but does not measure the quantitative level of PA.²² Thus, there is a need for a proper evaluation of PA to improve the content of personalized medicine including behavioral education towards improvement and maintenance of a regular level of PA.

The weather has also been known to play an important role in determining PA among these patients. A 10°C increase in temperature was known to translate to an increase of about 316 steps per day and rainfall of 10mm to 175 fewer steps.²³ A decline in daily steps has also been observed with a decline in temperature.^24,25 Similarly, when compared with atmospheric pollution, a decrease in PA has been associated with higher ozone (O₃) levels and higher particulate matter (PM_10.).²⁶ Hence, the primary aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the questionnaires in the PROactive instruments among the French-speaking COPD patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of weather and outdoor pollution on difficulty score as a goal to understand if environment is a confounding factor.

Materials and Methods

Cross-Cultural Translation Procedure

The C- and D-PPAC instruments were translated following the 6 stages detailed in the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures by Beatonet al²⁷ (Supplementary material). Both C and D-PPAC consist of similar and common items with former containing five questions more. Since C-PPAC evaluated weekly PA, only this was taken into account for evaluation in patients, which constituted the fifth stage of the translation process. The sixth stage consisted of submission of translated versions to the developers of PROactive instruments for agreement (Pr. T. Troosters, scientific coordinator of the PROactive consortium). This process led to few final adjustments, the details of which as well as the final French versions of C- and D-PPAC are given in supplementary material.

Subjects

COPD patients were recruited from 9 regions in France between May 2017 and May 2018. They were recruited either during an evaluation of pulmonary rehabilitation in 2 centers (University Hospital in Nantes, and the Toki Eder Center in Cambo-les-Bains) which constituted 54% of total patients included, or from the “Federation Française des Associations et Amicales d’Insuffisants Respiratoires” (FFAAIR), which brings together patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases in France.²⁸ All patients gave their verbal consent to participate in this study approved by the local ethical committee board, Groupe Nantais d’Ethique dans le Domaine de la Santé (GNEDS), according to the French Jardé’s law (decree n°2016-1537, November the 16^th, 2017).²⁹ The patients at the centers completed paper version of C-PPAC during their consultation. The patients recruited from FFAAIR completed an electronic version sent to them via a secured web platform. No activity monitor, was considered in this study as the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the translated versions and give insight about the effect of weather conditions and pollution on difficulty score that can modulate its interpretation. Hence, only the difficulty score was taken into consideration for analysis. Apart from this context, it should be remembered that, in practice, the questionnaire is not to be administered without an activity monitor which allows to calculate the amount and total scores.

Comprehensibility, Test–Retest Reliability

The comprehensibility of translated questions was evaluated by a 5-point Likert scale (Supplementary material). This scale evaluated the comprehensibility of each question along with its response items, giving a complete picture on the understanding of the questions as well as the choice of responses given.

COPD patients from centers refilled the questionnaire in a separate week with an interval of at least two weeks for retest evaluation. To ensure similarities of both periods, a separate 5-point Likert scale was added at the beginning of questionnaire. This gave an insight on any unusual situation related to atmospheric condition, family and other health issues that could have affected the PA experience of the patient in between. Only patients with a maximum difference of 2 points in this Likert scale were included in the analysis for test–retest reliability.

Weather Conditions, Atmospheric Pollution and Geographical Localization

The daily weather variables were obtained for each area from “Météo France.” The main atmospheric pollutants (ATMO index) were obtained from the federation of air quality monitoring associations “Atmo Franc Details are given in the supplementary material. For the geographical localization, the patients were categorized into living in north or south and living near the coast or in center of France.

Statistical Analysis

All results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentages. Comparison between groups was done by independent t test in case of normality of distribution of values, otherwise with the Wilcoxon test. Only patients who completely the questionnaire were analyzed. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s α coefficient. The test–retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for agreement. The duration of daylight was calculated using a given formula (Supplementary material).

The influence of weather, and ATMO index on the difficulty score was measured using the Spearman correlation coefficient rho. All the statistical analyses were performed using SigmaPlot 14.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance level was fixed at a p-value of 0.05.

Results

A total of 117 patients submitted a complete C-PPAC questionnaire. The baseline characteristics of these patients are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients

N	117
Male/Female, n (%)	71 (61)/46 (39)
Age, year	65±9
BMI, kg.m^−2	25.3±5.8
LTOT, n (%)	26 (22)
FEV1%predicted*	51±20
GOLD 1/2/3/4, n (%)*	5 (4)/27 (23)/21 (18)/9 (8)
FEV1/FVC %*	47±13.5

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. *The available data are for n = 62.

Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; LTOT = long term oxygen therapy; FEV₁ forced expiratory volume in 1s; GOLD = global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; FVC = forced vital capacity.

Comprehensibility

The Likert scale evaluation of the comprehensibility of each question was complete in 101 patients, with an average score of 4.8±0.6 (0 being “not at all clear” and 5 being “absolutely clear”). Questions 1 and 2 from the “amount” score were diversely appreciated reaching a Likert 5/5 in 76% and 81% respectively, whereas all the others were above 85% (Figure 1). Although well understood, the first question regarding the average walk done in a week, showed some uncertainty among few, in choosing the appropriate response item. The patients who walked only for few days, found it difficult to calculate the average duration of walk done for a week (Supplementary material).

Figure 1 Comprehensibility of the C-PPAC questionnaire expressed in Likert scores for the 12 questions. Radar chart representing every Likert category from 0 to 5, 0 being “not at all clear” to 5 being “absolutely clear” (the percentage of each Likert category is presented on the y-axis; Likert 0 and 1 were not visible due to the presence of < 5% of the patients).

Reliability

Thirty-one out of 35 who filled the C-PPAC twice in an average of a 2-week interval met the criteria for analysis of retest. A strong internal consistency was found with a Cronbach’s α>0.90. The questionnaire obtained a good test retest reliability with an ICC ≥0.80 for difficulty score.

Influence of Oxygen Status, Weather Condition, Pollution and Geographical Localization on the Difficulty Score

The average difficulty score obtained in 117 patients was 69±16. A significant difference was found between the patients with and without oxygen therapy (60±15 vs. 71±15, p=0.002) (Figure 2A).

Figure 2 (A) Difficulty score of the C-PPAC questionnaire in patients with and without LTOT. LTOT = long term oxygen therapy. (B) Difficulty score of the C-PPAC questionnaire according to the influence of rainfall.

The four seasons, winter, spring, summer and autumn did not have any influence (p=0.234, ANOVA), but a negative correlation was observed between the duration of daylight and the difficulty score (ρ=−0.266, p=0.004). When patients where stratified depending on the intensity of rainfall (light to moderate vs. heavy) during the week, there was a significant difference in the scores (68±16 vs. 76±14, p=0.045) (Figure 2B). There was a tendency for the score to decrease with higher temperature (ρ=−0.150, p=0.107). There was no correlation between the score and the ATMO index (ρ=−0.088, p=0.345), with a mean ATMO index of 3.6±0.5 (meaning good conditions).

There was no influence of geographical localization among the 117 patients (92 lived in the north and 25 in the south of France). There was a tendency for patients living near the coast to have a slightly higher score compared to those living in the center (70±16 vs. 65±14, p=0.088). They were however not corrected for severity. (This data was out of the purpose of this study and not available for some of the patients.)

Figure 3 shows the dispersion of recruited COPD patients and the weather parameters in areas concerned.

Figure 3 Regional dispersion of variables in France. (A) Number of COPD patients. (B) Air quality index {from 0 = very good to 10 =very bad quality). (C) Minimum temperature (°C). (D) Maximum temperature (°C). (E) Duration of daylight (min). (F) Intensity of rainfall (mm). All variables were obtained on a daily basis measure and expressed as mean week-value, except for (A).

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to translate and provide an adapted French version of the questionnaires of PPAC instruments in COPD patients for French population. Our result showed the translated version to be well understood and accepted by COPD patients in France. Hence, the translated versions could be used for the ultimate validation of the questionnaires by using activity monitor. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first PA assessment instruments that cover both subjective and objective assessment and the first of its kind now available in French language.

The questionnaires to assess PA in general population have existed for a long time such as the Baecke’s PA questionnaire for young adults³⁰ that focused on three axes; work, sports and leisure activities, whose sum gave global PA score. The French version of this questionnaire was made available by Bigardet al³¹ and a modified version by Volet al¹⁸ A modified version was validated among elderly population,³² but does not exist in French. A reliable and feasible interviewer administered questionnaire to assess relationship between PA and diabetes with a 1-year recall in Native Americans is also available in a French self-administered version.^19,33 Similarly, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), designed for adults, was also validated in French.^20,21 Some of the French questionnaires assessing PA such the Saint-Etienne physical activity questionnaire (QAPSE),¹⁴ the Physical Activity score of Dijon (SAPD),¹⁵ the Physical activity questionnaire for the elderly (QAPPA)¹⁶ and the Quantification of PA (QUANTAP)¹⁷ are however, targeted for healthy elderly population. Only few have been validated in COPD; the Modified version of Baecke questionnaire,³⁴ IPAQ³⁵ and QUANTAP system.³⁶ A COPD specific 12-items questionnaire DIRECT developed in French, assessed the perception of difficulty related to the disease on daily life.²² Although similar to PROactive tools in terms of assessing difficulty level regarding PA, it lacks the objective evaluation of quantifying PA. This makes the PROactive tools more advantageous.

The patients in our study were recruited from rural and urban areas, globally from middle class with a minimum level of education. Although they were not each tested for a reading level, there was no confusion related to the questions. The slightly lower Likert score for the first question could be explained by the confusion of calculating amount of average walk done per day for patients who walked only few days per week. The remarks for this question are however directed to the original concept of the question. This question being related to the number of steps registered by the activity monitor, underlines the importance of its use.

When analyzing the factors influencing difficulty score, our study showed that the patients on LTOT had lower difficulty score, which could be expected as these patients are known to engage less in PA and would experience more difficulty during any PA. This could mean that the score could reflect psychometric property of a PA behavior among the patients who are more advanced in the disease stage.

The evidence of geographical influence among French adults and elderly population has shown to exist with people living in Southern France having higher level of PA than the ones living in North.³⁷ Similarly, an independent association between proximity to coast and higher levels of PA was found among habitants of New South Wales.³⁸ In both these studies, the assessment of PA was done by self-report methods. Our study, since focused mainly on difficulty score did not show such associations. This could also be explained by non-homogeneity in the groups, North vs. South (92 vs. 25) and proximity to coast vs. inland (85 vs. 32). A seasonal and climatic influence on PA among COPD patients taken from two different geographic regions with important climatic variations; Belgium and Brazil was recently reported. A significant reduction in activity time was seen during winter. There was however no influence from rainfall.²⁴ In our study, there was a significant difference in difficulty scores between the patients who experienced light and heavy rainfall. The possible influence of extrinsic factor as rainfall may be considered on the perception of difficulty. The negative correlation with the duration of daylight observed in our study could be explained by the assumption that COPD patients tend to go outdoors during seasons with longer durations of daylight, exposing them to environment-related difficulty. The difficulty score in our study however did not show any significant association with the pollution ATMO index as it was seen in the study by Alahmari et al. where the reduction of PA was observed with the increment of atmospheric pollution levels.²⁶ The main reason is probably related to the good quality of the air that was recorded throughout the 847 patient-days in our study, with only less than 2% of days with poor air quality.

A systematic review of data from 8 different countries, including France, also showed a decrease in PA during the winter season in the general population.³⁹ Absence of seasonal associations in our study could again be explained by non-homogeneity in the groups or that this particular tool is not precise enough to detect climate related influence. Associations between a reduction of PA with either a reduction in temperature or an increase in rainfall have been presented when assessed objectively, which underline the importance of using combined subjective and quantitative approaches.^23,25

The significance of a threshold of change in the scores that can be proposed as minimal important difference in context of pulmonary rehabilitation and other behavioral intervention is yet to be determined. These instruments have been and are being explored in studies that investigate the effect of bronchodilators with or without behavioral⁴⁰ or PA interventions.⁴¹ Our study confirms the reliability of using these instruments among COPD patients in the French population. The use of these hybrid tools may however be limited by the cost of activity monitors and their application during short clinical visits. Nevertheless, the combination of objective information as well as patient reported information should be considered an innovation in the patient reported outcome field. These tools provide unique insight into the mechanism why an intervention is perceived by patients as beneficial. Some interventions may alter the experienced amount of PA, whereas others may impact on the experienced difficulties.⁴¹

This study had some limitations. Firstly, the evaluation of questionnaires of PPAC instruments in French was done without activity monitors. This choice was made in conjunction with the main objective of study, the validation of the French version. However, as indicated above, the analysis could be enriched by using an activity monitor. Secondly, the number of patients recruited in different regions was not equally distributed with the sample size being quite low and lacked a wider range of COPD spectrum. This could explain the lack of correlations in the analysis of the weather variables and thus the results must be interpreted carefully. Thirdly, the study is cross-sectional in nature and therefore the correlations between questionnaire scores and climate should be interpreted with caution. Future studies could try to confirm these relations with repeated measures within a subject in different climatologic conditions. Furthermore, comprehension evaluation of these tools by the French community notably in Canada, sub-Saharan Africa could be interesting.

Conclusion

The French versions of the questionnaires of PPAC instruments are well accepted by COPD patients and show good reliability. These translated versions could be used for the validation of the questionnaires by including activity monitor as required. The difficulty score is sensitive to weather conditions, which should be monitored for a proper interpretation of the score. These instruments are important to consider in future studies on COPD, notably in French-speaking community worldwide to assess the level and impact of PA in daily life and the weight of cultural cross links with a careful attention to influence of weather. The value and sensitivity of the scores to any kind of change still need to be clarified in the follow up of COPD patients. These tools will be of great interest to capture long-term adherence and behavior modification towards PA engagement in daily living, notably in the perspective to measure the effects of new healthcare approaches such as telemedicine in pulmonary rehabilitation.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank patients from the French association of respiratory insufficiency FFAAIR for their important contribution in evaluation of comprehension and cultural adaptation of the French version of C and D-PPAC. We thank Professor Frédéric Costes (University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand) for his support on the inclusion of patients. We thank Françoise Wheddon (F.W.), Emilie Fowell (E.F.) and Rosemary Andreu (R.A.) for their participation as translators. We thank Professor Thierry Troosters (Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), on behalf of the PROactive consortium, for his contribution in the last process of validation of the final versions of the PPAC and for critically reviewing the manuscript.