Identification of the Key Immune-Related Genes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Based on Immune Infiltration Analysis

Abstract

Purpose

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. A better understanding of new biomarkers for COPD patients and their complex mechanisms in the progression of COPD are needed.

Methods

An algorithm was conducted to reveal the proportions of 22 subsets of immune cells in COPD samples. Differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) were obtained based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the GSE57148 dataset, and 1509 immune-related genes (IRGs) were downloaded from the ImmPort database. Functional enrichment analyses of DE-IRGs were conducted by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). We defined the DE-IRGs that had correlations with immune cells as hub genes. The potential interactions among the hub genes were explored by a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network.

Results

The CIBERSORT results showed that lung tissue of COPD patients contained a greater number of resting NK cells, activated dendritic cells, and neutrophils than normal samples. However, the fractions of follicular helper T cells and resting dendritic cells were relatively lower. Thirty-eight DE-IRGs were obtained for further analysis. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DE-IRGs were significantly enriched in several immune-related biological processes and pathways. Notably, we also observed that DE-IRGs were associated with the coronavirus disease COVID-19 in the progression of COPD. After correlation analysis, six DE-IRGs associated with immune cells were considered hub genes, including AHNAK, SLIT2 TNFRRSF10C, CXCR1, CXCR2, and FCGR3B.

Conclusion

In the present study, we investigated immune-related genes as novel diagnostic biomarkers and explored the potential mechanism for COPD based on CIBERSORT analysis, providing a new understanding for COPD treatment.

Keywords:

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• COPD
• immune-related genes
• IRGs
• CIBERSORT
• diagnosis

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets analyzed in this study can be found in The Gene Expression Omnibus (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds).

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank AJE for English language editing.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

This study has no funding to support it.