Change in Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and Risk of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to assess association between change in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and the risk of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective study was performed, which included 185 individuals with type 2 diabetes. At baseline, and at two-year follow-up, we collected basic data, recorded symptoms and signs of DPN, measured biochemical indicators, composite motor nerve conduction velocity (composite MCV), and composite sensory nerve conduction velocity (composite SCV).

Results

Changes of composite SCV, MCV and TCSS among different changes in UACR in patients without DPN and with DPN were not significantly different. An increase in UACR ≥30% (OR 3.059, 95%; CI: 1.012–9.249) suggested a risk for new-onset DPN. Based on ROC curve analysis, the areas under the curve were 0.654 ± 0.066 for change of UACR levels in non-DPN patients.

Conclusion

Change in UACR and NCV was not related in patients without DPN and with DPN; change in UACR ≥30% suggested a risk for new-onset DPN.

Keywords:

• diabetic peripheral neuropathy
• type 2 diabetes
• urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
• nerve conduction velocity

Introduction

As a predictive marker of renal and cardiac outcomes, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) has been incorporated into the definition and staging of chronic kidney disease.¹ Reportedly, a high UACR is associated with the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy,² arterial stiffness, carotid atherosclerosis,³ diabetic peripheral arterial disease (PAD),⁴ onset of diabetic retinopathy,⁵ chronic renal disease and hypertension.⁶

Table 1 Study Population Characteristics of Non-DPN

	UACR Change Over Two Years
	Decrease Group	Minor Group	Increase Group	P
Age (years)	57.45 ± 10.75	58.29 ± 11.47	62.15 ± 10.53	0.15
Female [n (%)]	18 (54.5%)	17 (41.5%)	24 (61.5%)	0.19
Diabetes duration (years)	7.46 ± 6.29	6.46 ± 5.65	9.52 ± 9.64	0.18
Blood glucose–lowering treatments [n (%)]	30 (91.0%)	37 (90.0%)	35 (90.0%)	0.99
History of hypertension [n (%)]	18 (54.5%)	20 (48.8%)	17 (43.6%)	0.65
SBP (mmHg)	132.58 ± 16.71	130.49 ± 14.10	130.92 ± 14.06	0.82
DBP (mmHg)	80.06 ± 10.23	78.12 ± 9.52	73.21 ± 10.20	0.01*
Heart rate (bpm)	78.33 ± 10.00	76.95 ± 13.37	76.15 ± 11.37	0.73
QT (ms)	0.37 ± 0.03	0.38 ± 0.02	0.38 ± 0.03	0.40
QTC (ms)	0.40 ± 0.03	0.40 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.02	0.49
BMI (kg/m2)	25.37 ± 2.33	26.07 ± 3.87	24.87 ± 3.02	0.25
Scr (umol/L)	59.49 ± 15.69	64.52 ± 14.38	61.45 ± 22.07	0.47
BUN (mmol/L)	5.33 ± 1.63	5.29 ± 1.53	5.27 ± 1.50	0.99
TC (mmol/L)	4.76 ± 1.09	4.75 ± 1.28	4.52 ± 0.94	0.58
TG (mmol/L)	1.98 ± 2.23	2.45 ± 2.01	1.36 ± 0.88	0.03*
HDL (mmol/L)	1.18 ± 0.41	1.09 ± 0.39	1.29 ± 0.39	0.10
LDL (mmol/L)	2.92 ± 0.92	2.86 ± 1.14	2.68 ± 0.91	0.54
vLDL (mmol/L)	0.87 ± 1.03	1.07 ± 0.92	0.60 ± 0.41	0.04*
HbA1c (%)	8.34 ± 2.01	8.36 ± 2.35	8.08 ± 2.12	0.82
First UACR(mg/g)	12.95 (8.33,16.95)	6.69 (3.90,11.59)	7.66 (4.15,18.70)	<0.01*
Second UACR (mg/g)	5.21 (4.00,9.19)	5.39 (4.13,10.88)	18.55 (8.04,69.46)	<0.01*
First eGFR (mL/min)	101.27 (95.35,109.89)	101.11 (92.91,108.34)	98.91 (90.72,108.37)	0.30
Second eGFR (mL/min)	101.73 (91.21,108.51)	98.77 (89.25,107.35)	93.55 (86.84,106.15)	0.17
First composite MCV	−3.07 ± 0.79	−3.10 ± 0.79	−3.38 ± 0.80	0.16
Second composite MCV	−3.10 ± 0.86	−2.99 ± 0.82	−3.48 ± 0.81	0.03*
First composite SCV	−0.38 ± 0.69	−0.27 ± 0.78	−1.03 ± 1.78	0.01*
Second composite SCV	−0.34 ± 0.66	−0.26 ± 0.75	−0.68 ± 1.00	0.06
First TCSS	1.31 ± 2.22	1.83 ± 2.66	2.41 ± 2.84	0.22
Second TCSS	2.73 ± 3.17	2.63 ± 3.13	2.71 ± 3.29	0.99

Notes: Decrease group, change rate of UACR ≤ −30%; Minor group, |change rate of UACR| < 30%; Increase group, change rate of UACR ≥ 30%; *was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: Composite MCV, composite MCV Z score; composite SCV, composite SCV Z score; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCV, motor nerve conduction velocity; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve; Scr, Serum creatinine; SCV, sensory nerve conduction velocity; TCH, total cholesterol; TCSS, Toronto clinical scoring system; TG, triglyceride levels; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Study Population Characteristics of DPN

	UACR Change Over Two Years
	Decrease Group	Minor Group	Increase Group	P
Age (years)	58.56±8.46	59.87 ± 7.57	61.13 ± 10.63	0.65
Female [n (%)]	9 (0.5)	7 (0.467)	14 (0.452)	0.95
Diabetes duration (years)	8.00 ± 4.99	7.50 ± 4.58	11.94 ± 7.62	0.04*
Blood glucose-lowering treatments [n (%)]	15 (83.3%)	13(86.7%)	31 (100%)	0.07
History of hypertension [n (%)]	5 (27.8%)	8 (53.3%)	19 (61.3%)	0.07
SBP (mmHg)	131.22 ± 11.82	134.27 ± 14.82	135.10 ± 15.83	0.66
DBP (mmHg)	73.56 ± 9.19	72.93 ± 4.79	75.65 ± 8.83	0.50
Heart rate(bpm)	80.83 ± 11.06	77.67 ± 10.04	78.87 ± 9.19	0.65
QT (ms)	0.37 ± 0.03	0.39 ± 0.07	0.37 ± 0.02	0.46
QTC (ms)	0.41 ± 0.02	0.39 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.02	0.15
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.40± 2.49	24.05 ± 3.57	25.43 ± 3.79	0.13
Scr (umol/L)	51.06 ± 8.62	58.77 ± 21.38	63.09 ± 17.58	0.04*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.25 ± 1.61	5.18 ± 1.25	5.81 ± 1.98	0.40
TC (mmol/L)	4.66 ± 0.90	4.55 ± 1.01	4.30 ± 1.00	0.43
TG (mmol/L)	1.47 ± 0.57	1.68 ± 0.83	1.50 ± 1.02	0.77
HDL (mmol/L)	1.11 ± 0.32	1.11 ± 0.31	1.16 ± 0.28	0.77
LDL (mmol/L)	2.87 ± 0.87	2.88 ± 0.82	2.57 ± 0.82	0.36
vLDL (mmol/L)	0.60± 0.32	0.67 ± 0.40	0.68 ± 0.47	0.82
HbA1c (%)	9.61 ± 2.08	9.46 ± 2.66	8.65 ± 1.78	0.25
First UACR (mg/g)	9.47 (7.33,16.08)	7.39 (6.13,11.30)	9.83 (4.98,13.23)	0.52
Second UACR (mg/g)	4.89 (3.84,6.68)	7.15 (6.17,11.63)	22.47 (8.29,47.74)	<0.01*
First eGFR (mL/min)	109.69 (101.94,111.13)	104.10 (94.87,109.92)	99.60 (90.92,107.79)	0.14
Second eGFR (mL/min)	100.45 (92.61,111.44)	101.12 (93.69,109.47)	100.35 (88.69,108.31)	0.59
First composite MCV Z score	−3.97 ± 0.83	−3.80 ± 0.70	−3.79 ± 0.75	0.71
Second composite MCV Z score	−3.58 ± 1.01	−3.61 ± 0.87	−3.61 ± 0.92	0.99
First composite SCV Z score	−1.65 ± 0.87	−1.89 ± 1.31	−1.20 ± 0.82	0.12
Second composite SCV Z score	−1.42 ± 1.27	−1.31 ± 1.69	−1.24 ± 1.16	0.90
First TCSS	5.13 ± 3.23	4.73 ± 3.65	3.03 ± 3.62	0.12
Second TCSS	3.06 ± 2.92	4.00± 3.30	3.55 ± 2.54	0.63

Notes: Decrease group, change rate of UACR ≤ −30%; Minor group, |change rate of UACR| < 30%; Increase group, change rate of UACR ≥ 30%; *was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: Composite MCV, composite MCV Z score; composite SCV, composite SCV Z score; BMI, body-mass index; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCV, motor nerve conduction velocity; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve; Scr, Serum creatinine; SCV, sensory nerve conduction velocity; TC, total cholesterol; TCSS, Toronto clinical scoring system; TG, triglyceride levels; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) can lead to neuropathic pain, which worsens the quality of life.⁷ Many studies confirmed that the level of UACR, which represents one of the risk factors of early DPN,⁸ was higher in patients with neuropathy as compared those without this condition.⁹ The previous research of our team found that even in the normal range, UACR and the risk of DPN showed a positive correlation.¹⁰ Furthermore, a study in Taiwanese illustrated that macroalbuminuria indicates onset of neuropathic pain in individuals present with DPN.⁷ Nevertheless, there is no evidence reporting a relationship between UACR in the normal range and DPN.

Thus, we have evaluated possible associations between change in the UACR and the risk of DPN in type 2 diabetes with the aim of identifying predictors of new-onset DPN.

Patients and Methods

Study Population

Type 2 diabetes patients were recruited from the Endocrinology Department at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University between November 5, 2008 and April 18, 2017. The following were exclusion criteria for our study: (i) other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes, and acute complications of diabetes mellitus, including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma; (ii) micro- or macro-albuminuria (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g) or end-stage kidney disease or dialytic treatment; (iii) other neuropathic conditions including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIPD), mono-neuropathy, or conditions caused by vitamin B deficiency and thyroid dysfunction; (iv) other diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, cerebral infarction, complicated by degenerative changes in cervical and lumbar vertebra, severe arteriovenous vascular disease; and (v) other neuronal tissue lesions.

Clinical Measurements

At study registration, and two years later, an experienced physician collected information, which included demographic characteristics, disease duration, lifestyle, medical history and drug-taking history, and then documented symptoms of somatic neuropathy, including numbness, burning, aching, and dystaxia. The body-mass index (BMI, kg/m²) was determined by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters). A 10 g monofilament, a pin, a tendon hammer and a standard 128 Hz tuning fork were used to complete the neurological examinations.

Biochemical Measurements

Serum creatinine (Scr), total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride levels (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured after a 10-hour overnight fasting. UACR was determined by dividing the urine albumin level by the urine creatinine level during the routine morning urine collection procedure (mg/g). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated in accord with the following equation: eGFR (mL/min) = 186 × [Scr(mmol/L)/88.41] ^{– 1.154} ×age^{– 0.203} (× 0.724 for female).

Neuropathy Assessment

Participants were tested by the same experienced physicians using standard procedure. Electromyography (EMG) (key point, Alpine Biomed ApS, Denmark) was used to assess motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV). No sources of interference were available in the examination room, and a quiet environment was maintained. The examination room temperature was maintained within a range of 18–25°C, and local skin temperature was kept constant (28–30°C). The normal reference values were based on the results of an epidemiological survey conducted in the Chinese population in 1984 by Tang et al.¹¹ The threshold for the slowed nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was set at <20% of the control nerve conduction velocity. Nerve conduction was considered abnormal if two or more nerves had tested as abnormal. NCV composite Z score was used to evaluate neurological function. Composite Z score calculation method: Composite MCV Z score (composite MCV) = (median MCV Z score +ulnar MCV Z score + peroneus MCV Z score + tibial MCV Z score)/4. Composite SCV Z score (composite SCV) = (median SCV Z score + ulnar SCV Z score + peroneal SCV Z score + sural SCV Z score)/4. Among them, NCV Z score = (measured value of each patient-mean value of normal control group)/standard deviation (SD) of normal control group.¹²

Diagnostic Criteria

(i) The criteria for type 2 diabetes was based on the criteria established by the World Health Organization in 1999. (ii) A diagnosis of hypertension was defined according to the JNC 7 report.¹³ (iii) In accordance with the criteria proposed by an International European and North American Expert Committee,¹⁴ DPN was defined as those patients that presented with diabetes who exhibited abnormal nerve conduction velocity, including diagnosis and subclinical DPN (DPN was confirmed as abnormal nerve conductions if there were no signs or symptomology of neuropathy). (iv) a change rate of UACR was estimated by the following equation: 100% × [Second UACR (mg/g)]) - Baseline UACR (mg/g)]/Baseline UACR (mg/g). According to prior research,¹⁴ Decrease group was defined as follows: change rate of UACR ≤ −30%; Minor group, |change rate of UACR| < 30%; Increase group, change rate of UACR ≥ 30%.

Statistical Analysis

Skewed data was expressed as the median across the 25th and 75th quartiles, while normally distributed data was expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences at baseline were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the rank test for continuous variables or the Chi-squared test for categorical variables. Data at baseline and follow-up were compared with the paired Student’s t-test. Independent factors for DPN were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Dual logistical regression analysis was performed to examine the association among altered UACR values, onset of DPN, and nerve conduction velocity. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to identify the cut-off of UACR values, which indicated DPN. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 19.0 statistical software. A two-sided P–value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Study Population Characteristics

In this study, 185 patients were enrolled. There were 116 patients without DPN (mean age 59.33 ± 10.92; male/female ratio, 55/61, with a mean diabetic duration of 8.12 ± 7.94 years), and 69 patients with DPN (mean age 60.32 ± 9.28; male/female ratio, 37/32, with a mean diabetic duration of 9.81 ± 6.58 years).

Significant differences were observed in the baseline composite SCV and the follow-up composite MCV among the three groups of patients that did not present with DPN (P < 0.05), while in patients with DPN, the change in UACR gave a negative correlation to the baseline composite MCV (P = 0.71; Tables 1 and 2). In patients without DPN, 31 participants experienced the outcome of incident DPN (Supplementary Table 1). In DPN patients, 18 participants experienced SCV deterioration and nine participants experienced MCV deterioration (Supplementary Tables 2 and 3).

Changes in NCV and TCSS

In patients without DPN, changes of composite SCV and MCV among three groups were not significantly different (Figure 1A and B). There was no significant difference in change of Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS) between three groups (Figure 1C).

Figure 1 Changes in NCV and TCSS in non-DPN. (A) Changes of composite SCV in non-DPN; (B) changes of composite MCV in non-DPN; (C) changes of TCSS in non-DPN.

Notes: Decrease group, change rate of UACR ≤ −30%; Minor group, |change rate of UACR| < 30%; Increase group, change rate of UACR ≥ 30%.
Abbreviations: Composite MCV, composite MCV Z score; Composite SCV, composite SCV Z score; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; TCSS, Toronto clinical scoring system; non-DPN, type 2 diabetes patient without diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

In DPN patients, there were no statistical difference in changes of composite SCV and MCV (Figure 2A and B). Change of TCSS was not statistically different between three groups (Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Changes in NCV and TCSS in DPN. (A) Changes of composite SCV in DPN; (B) changes of composite MCV in DPN; (C) changes of TCSS in DPN.

Notes: Decrease group, change rate of UACR ≤ −30%; Minor group, |change rate of UACR| < 30%; Increase group, change rate of UACR ≥ 30%.
Abbreviations: Composite MCV, composite MCV Z score; Composite SCV, composite SCV Z score; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; TCSS, Toronto clinical scoring system; DPN, type 2 diabetes patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Onset and Prognosis of DPN

In patients without DPN, after adjusting for confounding factors that included the age of the patient, gender, diabetic duration, HbA1C, history of hypertension, use of hypoglycemic drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), and statins, increased in UACR ≥ 30% suggested a risk for new-onset DPN (OR 3.059, 95% CI: 1.012–9.249) (Figure 3). In patients with DPN, UACR change was not a risk factor for change in NCV (Figure 4).

Figure 3 Risk factor for new-onset DPN in non-DPN.

Notes: After adjusting for confounding factors that included the age of the patient, gender, diabetic duration, HbA1C, history of hypertension, use of hypoglycemic drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), and statins.
Abbreviations: non-DPN, type 2 diabetes patient without diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; DPN, type 2 diabetes patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Figure 4 Risk factor for change in NCV in DPN. (A) Risk factor for change in composite SCV in DPN; (B) risk factor for change in composite MCV in non-DPN.

Notes: After adjusting for confounding factors that included the age of the patient, gender, diabetic duration, HbA1C, history of hypertension, use of hypoglycemic drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), and statins.
Abbreviations: DPN, type 2 diabetes patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; Composite MCV, composite MCV Z score; Composite SCV, composite SCV Z score; DPN, type 2 diabetes patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

ROC Analysis to Indicate DPN

Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.654 ± 0.066 UACR change in patients without DPN (Figure 5).

Figure 5 ROC analysis of UACR change in non-DPN patient to indicate DPN.

Abbreviations: non-DPN, type 2 diabetes patient without diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DPN, type 2 diabetes patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve.

Discussion

In our study, change of composite SCV, MCV and TCSS among different changes of UACR in patients without DPN and with DPN were not significantly different. But change of UACR ≥ 30% suggested a risk for new-onset DPN. In patients with DPN, change of UACR was not a risk factor for new DPN.

At present, the relationship between altered UACR and neuropathy remains unclear, while other important complications that include kidney disease were shown to be positively correlated with urinary protein levels. A study on 56,946 United States veterans confirmed that changes in albuminuria were linearly associated with a risk of kidney outcomes over a 1-year interval.¹⁵ Moreover, Viazzi et al also found that persistent albuminuria was associated with a greater risk of kidney events, and changes in albuminuria were associated with a paralleled risk of renal disease.¹⁶ Moreover, in a 2-year cohort study, patients that demonstrated exacerbations from normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria were demonstrated to have a higher risk than those exhibited an improvement from a state of microalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria.¹⁷ A cross-sectional study confirmed that UACR was a risk factor for peripheral neuropathy.⁸ This study showed that diabetic neuropathy was associated with DPN but lacked follow-up. Our study first demonstrated that an increase in UACR was also a risk of DPN in non-DPN patients, which complemented the above studies and may provide clues for further clinical exploration of the relationship between UACR and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.

Currently, the relationship between a decline in UACR and diabetes-related complications remains controversial. On one hand, Selvaraj et al demonstrated that a decline in UACR improved cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.¹⁸ In addition, Carrero et al found a linear correlation between the degree of UACR and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which means that a decrease in UACR might ameliorate ESRD risk.¹⁹ By contrast, their study indicated that elevated UACR is a risk factor for all-cause mortality, while there was no significant difference between reduced UACR and changes in all-cause mortality.¹⁹

Our research has some value for guiding clinical practice. Drugs decreasing UACR may reduce the risk of new-onset DPN. This kind of research is worthy of further exploration. Furthermore, it is meaningful to monitor UACR more frequently in clinical practice. Once UACR changes, more active intervention should be taken to prevent possible new-onset DPN.

Our study results showed no correlation between change of UACR and NCV change in non-DPN patients and DPN patients. Possible reasons for this include the following: (i) In our study, we enrolled patients with a normal range of UACR that had a relatively better robust of disease; (ii) DPN patients are often complicated with diabetic nephropathy and other complications,^20,21 which might influence UACR;²² (iii) compared with non-DPN patients, those patients with DPN might have differences in their medical history such as ACEI and statins that can lead to improved endothelial function and inflammation that can affect urinary protein levels; (iv) under conditions of current medical condition, diabetic peripheral neuropathy is irreversible, and consequently it is difficult to improve nerve conduction velocity; (v) The sample size of this study is relatively small. Collectively, these reasons might have accounted for insignificant difference between observed changes in UACR levels and NCV.

Some limitations of our study should also be mentioned here. First, we performed a single-center study, and thus the universality of the results remains to be evaluated in larger cohort studies. If multi-center and larger samples research can be conducted in the future, it will be more meaningful. Second, our investigation was a retrospective analysis, and there may be selection and loss to follow-up bias. In the future, studies such as drug intervention will help to further confirm the predictive value of UACR changes for new-onset DPN. Third, UACR was measured only once per follow-up, and measurement errors were possible. If possible, repeated measurements on UACR can reduce the impact of measurement errors on the results.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated the relationship between change of UACR and neuropathy. Though changes in UACR and NCV were not related in patients without DPN and with DPN, change of UACR ≥30% suggested a risk for new-onset DPN. Thus, regularly measuring UACR in non-DPN patients may serve as a monitoring approach for the occurrence of neuropathy.

Abbreviations

AUC, areas under the curve; BMI, body-mass index; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCV, motor nerve conduction velocity; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve; Scr, Serum creatinine; SCV, sensory nerve conduction velocity; TCH, total cholesterol; TCSS, Toronto clinical scoring system; TG, triglyceride levels; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (MTCA, ECFAH of FMU [2017]131). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Acknowledgments

Ming Zhong and Yi-Ru Yang are joint co-first authors.

Disclosure

No potential conflicts of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by Startup Fund for scientific research, Fujian Medical University (Grant number: 2018QH1077) and the Central Government Special Funds for Local Science and Technology Development (2018L3007).