https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-1777
Abstract
Introduction
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. DKD is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Versican (VCAN), a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan, has been proven to participate in oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to explore the overall and sex-based relationship between serum VCAN levels and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
428 patients with T2DM and 84 healthy individuals were enrolled. Patients with diabetes were separated into normal albuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria groups, according to their urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). Serum VCAN levels were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Compared with males, female patients were older, and had higher total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but lower body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin A1, alanine aminotransferase, urinary albumin (UA), and serum creatinine (SCr) (P < 0.05). The VCAN levels in male patients with T2DM were significantly higher than those in the healthy individuals. Male patients with T2DM with albuminuria (micro and macro) had higher levels of VCAN than in patients with normal albuminuria; the highest level was seen in patients with macroalbuminuria (P < 0.05). In male patients with T2DM, serum VCAN correlated positively with systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, UA, SCr, and UACR, but correlated negatively with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of serum VCAN to diagnose albuminuria was 0.702, with a corresponding cut-off value of 0.399 ng/mL (P < 0.001). However, the association between serum VCAN and UACR was not observed in female patients with T2DM.
Conclusion
Serum VCAN levels correlated positively with the severity of albuminuria in male patients with T2DM.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of DM, accounting for 90% of all cases.Citation1
Long-term chronic hyperglycemia could lead to several diabetic complications. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as one of the most common diabetic microvascular complications, has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Citation2 DKD has a complex pathogenesis, including changes in renal hemodynamics, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, an overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and heredity.Citation3 Considering that the kidney is a mitochondria-rich organ and the regular function of mitochondria is essential for normal kidney physiology, the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to DKD has attracted more research attention recently.
Versican (VCAN), a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan, is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), playing a role in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and ECM assembly.Citation4 VCAM is also involved in tubulointerstitial injury through its interaction with immune chemokines.Citation5 Overexpression of VCAN in tubular cells induced renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo.Citation6 In addition, our previous study showed that VCAN could regulate hyperglycemia-induced vascular calcification and aging by modulating mitochondrial function.Citation7 These data suggest a potential association between VCAN and DKD. However, the exact role of VCAN in DKD remains unclear.
Albuminuria is the first clinical symptom of DKD, and uncontrolled albuminuria could evolve into renal damage, and ultimately, ESRD. Therefore, we aimed to assess the serum VCAN levels in patients with T2DM with different albuminuria stages and explore the relationship between them, as well as the sex difference in this association.
Methods
Study Design and Population
Patients hospitalized with T2DM in the Department of Geriatrics of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Changsha, China), from January 2020 to January 2022, were recruited initially. The T2DM inclusion criteria were: (1) Diagnosis of T2DM, which included fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l and/or 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 11.0 mmol/l, according to the World Health Organization criteria,Citation8 or having self-reported, doctor-diagnosed T2DM. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Those under 18 years old; (2) Diabetic acute complications, acute inflammatory disease, or malignant tumors; and (3) Other systemic diseases that can induce proteinuria; and (4) Missing data. Finally, a total of 428 patients with T2DM were included in this retrospective study. During the same period, 84 healthy non-T2DM individuals were eligible and participated in this study. The patients with T2DM were further classified into subgroup comprising the normal albuminuria group [urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) < 30 mg/g], microalbuminuria group (UACR 30–300 mg/g), and macroalbuminuria group (UACR ≥ 300 mg/g). Patients in the microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria groups were defined as having DKD (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g) in this study.Citation9 This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China (No: 2022–163). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Measurements
Medical history and clinical characteristics [age, sex, diabetic duration, weight, height, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] were collected from the inpatient medical record system of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2), while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the formula: eGFR = (104 × cystatin C (CysC)–1.019 × 0.996 age (years)) – 8 (male); eGFR = (104 × CysC–1.019 × 0.996 age (years) × 0.929)–8 (female).Citation10
Blood samples were collected in the morning after overnight fasting. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the following parameters: FBG, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA), CysC, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Urine samples were collected in the morning. Urinary albumin and creatinine concentrations were measured using a turbidimetric immunoassay and enzymatic assay, respectively. UACR was calculated to estimate the levels of urinary proteins. Serum VCAN levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (ZC-32878, ZCIBIO Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).
Statistical Analysis
Normally distributed quantitative variables were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Non-normally distributed quantitative variables were shown as the median (interquartile range). Differences between the UACR groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and sex groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test for normally distributed values and by the Kruskal–Wallis H-test for non-normally distributed values. After logarithmic transformation was carried out for non-normally distributed values, the correlation between VCAN and other indices was assessed using Pearson’s correlation test. The diagnostic potential of VCAN for albuminuria was analyzed by plotting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
As shown in , the mean age of the males was 58.65 ± 10.20 years (n = 267) and that of the females was 60.98 ± 9.47 years (n = 161). We observed significant differences in age, BMI, DBP, HbA1c, ALT, UA, SCr, TC, and HDL-C between the two groups according to sex (P < 0.05, ). The female patients were older and had significantly higher levels of TC and HDL-C (P < 0.05), but lower levels of BMI, DBP, HbA1c, ALT, UA, and SCr than the male patients (P < 0.05) (). However, no significant difference was observed in other parameters between the different sexes (P > 0.05).
Table 1 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic of All T2DM Patients
Based on the UACR, male patients with T2DM were divided into the normal albuminuria group (n = 160), microalbuminuria group (n = 70), and macroalbuminuria group (n = 37, ). Compared with the normal healthy group, diabetic duration, FBG, HbA1c, and VCAN in male patients with T2DM were significantly increased (P < 0.0001 for all). No significant differences in age, BMI, ALT, AST, and LDL-C were found among the four groups. The levels of SCr and VCAN increased significantly in the normal albuminuria-macroalbuminuria groups, while eGFR decreased significantly (P < 0.0001 for all).
Table 2 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Male T2DM Groups with Different UACR
Based on the UACR, female patients with T2DM were divided into the normal albuminuria group (n = 88), the microalbuminuria group (n = 44), and the macroalbuminuria group (n = 29, ). Compared with the normal healthy group, diabetic duration, FBG, and HbA1c in female patients with T2DM were significantly increased (, P < 0.0001 for all). No significant differences in age, ALT, AST, BUN, UA, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and VCAN were observed between healthy individuals and female patients with T2DM (P > 0.05). The levels of UACR increased significantly in the normal albuminuria-macroalbuminuria groups, while eGFR decreased significantly (P < 0.0001 for all).
Table 3 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Female T2DM Groups with Different UACR
shows the correlation analysis in all groups of patients with T2DM. In the overall group, serum VCAN levels correlated positively with diabetic duration, SBP, UA, SCr, and UACR and correlated negatively with eGFR (P < 0.05 for all). In male patients with T2DM, serum VCAN levels correlated positively with SBP, BUN, UA, SCr, and UACR and correlated negatively with eGFR (P < 0.05 for all). However, no significant correlation was observed between serum VCAN levels and UACR in female patients with T2DM.
Table 4 Correlation Between VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Male and Female T2DM Patients
We further explored the predictive efficiency of VCAN for DKD in male patients with T2DM by plotting a ROC curve. The results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of VCAN in male patients with T2DM was 0.702 (95% CI 0.628–0.776, P < 0.001), with a cutoff value 0.399 ng/mL (). This suggested VCAN as a promising biomarker to diagnose DKD in male patients with T2DM.
Figure 1 Diagnostic potential of VCAN in DKD in male patients with T2DM. The diagnostic potential of VCAN in DKD in male patients with T2DM was assessed by plotting the ROC curves.
Discussion
In the present study, we explored the overall and sex-specific association between serum VCAN levels and UACR, and examined the sex difference in this association. First, our data showed that VCAN levels correlated independently and positively with UACR in all and male patients with T2DM. Second, high serum VCAN levels predicted a high risk of DKD in male patients with T2DM.
With rapid economic development and lifestyle changes, the incidence of T2DM has increased significantly worldwide, and chronic hyperglycemia eventually leads to the occurrence of DKD. UACR is recommended as an assessment for DKD by the American Diabetes Association (ADA).Citation9 Similarly, the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) also recommends UACR as an early indicator of DKD.Citation11 Moreover, increased UACR is strongly associated with adverse events, such as mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), even after adjustment for DM, hypertension, and kidney disease.Citation12,Citation13 Therefore, it is important to identify people at high-risk of albuminuria.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the serum level of VCAN and its relationship with UACR in patients with T2DM. VCAN is a large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan that is a major component of the ECM. In recent years, studies have highlighted the effect of the ECM on diabetic kidney injury. Rodent models revealed that suppression of enhanced ECM gene expression resulted in decreased albuminuria.Citation14 We found that serum VCAN levels correlated positively with UACR and negatively with eGFR in the overall and male patients with T2DM. This is similar to the results of previous studies.Citation5,Citation15 Rudnicki et alCitation15 identified renal expression of VCAN as a marker for impaired renal function. Using an integrated bioinformatics, Xu et al identified VCAN as a hub gene in DKD tubulointerstitial injury.Citation5 All the above findings indicate that serum VCAN might be a useful marker for the detection of albuminuria in male patients with T2DM.
Multiple biological mechanisms might mediate the association between VCAN and albuminuria. VCAN is produced by several cell types and its expression increases markedly when tissues become inflamed.Citation16–18 It has been reported that VCAN might affect inflammatory responses by interacting with inflammatory cells or multiple cytokines involved in regulating inflammation.Citation16 Accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of DKD.Citation19,Citation20 Our previous study reported that VCAN might participate in hyperglycemia-induced vascular calcification and aging via modulation of mitochondrial function.Citation7 Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction might also play a key mechanistic role in explaining the association between VCAN and DKD. Moreover, kidney fibrosis is a major hallmark of DKD.Citation21 Existing evidence based on animal studies suggests that excess VCAN might induce kidney fibrosis.Citation6
The present study revealed that male patients with T2DM were more vulnerable to kidney damage in relation to VCAN exposure than female patients. A previous study also reported sex differences in diabetic vascular complications.Citation22 One of the possible reasons is the differences in sex hormones between male and female patients. Estrogen might exert a protective effect against kidney injury through its anti-inflammation,Citation23 antifibrotic,Citation24 and antioxidant effects,Citation25 whereas testosterone has deleterious pro-inflammation and pro-oxidant effects.Citation26 A population study in patients with T2DM found that male patients had a higher risk of microalbuminuria than female patients.Citation27 Furthermore, other factors could affect the UACR value, including muscle mass, and the amount of food and salt intake. SCr is also a reliable biomarker for muscle mass status. Our results indicated that female patients had lower SCr levels than male patients. However, whether or not these mechanisms are involved in the potential sex difference in the association between serum VCAN and UACR deserves further research.
Notably, the relationship between serum VCAN levels and UACR was not observed in female patients with T2DM. An animal model study showed that the expression of VCAN in the mouse uterus could be regulated by circulating levels of estradiol.Citation28 Moreover, a recent proteomic analysis revealed an inverse correlation between VCAN expression and estradiol levels in atherosclerotic plaques.Citation29 Therefore, we hypothesized that serum VCAN levels in female patients might be affected by estrogen. However, our study did not measure estrogen levels; therefore, we were unable to further investigate the association between estrogen and VCAN levels. This could be an interesting topic for further research.
In the standard clinical setting, eGFR and UACR can be used to evaluate the kidney damage in patients with T2DM. Actually, serum VCAN levels were significantly correlated with both eGFR (r = –0.207, P < 0.01) and UACR (r = 0.238, P < 0.0001). In our study, we chose UACR, rather than eGFR, as a biomarker of DKD, because it has been shown that elevated albuminuria alone appears to be a greater predictor of progression to ESRD, in addition to the risk of CVD and mortality, as compared with a decline in eGFR alone.Citation30–32 Furthermore, increasing UACR, but not eGFR, has been reported to reflect the early structural changes observed on kidney biopsy in T2DM patients.Citation33
The serum VCAN levels correlated with SBP, BUN, UA, SCr, and eGFR in male patients with T2DM. Most of these risk factors are modifiable, which is particularly important for DKD prevention. A recent study demonstrated that a traditional Chinese medicine, Gua Lou Er Chen decoction, could lower VCAN levels and attenuate atherosclerosis in both in vivo animal experiment and in vitro cell experiments.Citation34 Therefore, based on our results and previous studies, VCAN might be used as a potential target for albuminuria therapy.
Our study has some advantages. First, there have been no previous studies regarding the relationship between serum VCAN levels and UACR. Second, this study was performed in a department that has a standard examination process. However, this study also has some limitations. Firstly, its cross-sectional nature does not allow for causality inference. Secondly, the analysis did not include some lifestyle factors, such as smoking status, alcohol consumption, and dietary salt intake, which might be potential contributors to albuminuria. Thirdly, this was a single-center study, and thus the sample size was limited. Therefore, further well-designed studies based on larger populations are needed to confirm our results.
In summary, our study showed that serum VCAN levels increase as UACR increases in male patients with T2DM. Furthermore, we found that VCAN might be a promising biomarker to predict DKD in male patients with T2DM. However, the specific mechanisms of VCAN remain unknown and present a great challenge in medical research.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval
This study was approved by the ethics committees of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China (No: 2022-163) and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Informed Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Disclosure
The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
We thank all participants in this study.
Additional information
Funding
References
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