Continuation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Acute Heart Failure

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to show whether blocking the deleterious effects of neurohormonal activation from furosemide by the use of ACEI/ARBs, or the improvement of renal perfusion by using these drugs allows better diuresis and renal function preservation.

Patients and Methods

This is a prospective, randomized study in which patients with chronic heart failure were included. Patients admitted for ACEI/ARBs maintenance with acute decompensated HF were added in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 had ACEI/ARBs continued during admission and group 2 had stopped taking them. Patients with acute heart failure were provided with angiotensin II receptor blockers. Therefore, the present study aims to differentiate between the uses of ACEI/ARBs blocking the deleterious effects of neurohormonal activation or the improvement of renal perfusion by holding these drugs to allow better diuresis and renal function preservation in a young population.

Results

The results showed that the mean age of 32 patients of group 1 was 58±15.3 and for group 2 56±15.6. On day of analysis, BP was 113/65±11.9/6.5 and 108/66.9±14.1/9.8, weight was 68.4±19.8 kg and 73.7±20.2 kg, net volume balance of urine output was 2810.3±1011.8 mL and 3941.7±2849.7 mL, and length of stay was 11.75±6 and 7.9±3.7 days for groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in SBP (p=0.2926), DBP (p=0.7369), weight (p=0.4798), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p=0.7), and volume balance (p=0.166). However, there was statistically significant difference in length of hospital stay (p=0.0392).

Conclusion

The study concluded that continuing ACEI/ARBs or holding them during IV diuresis had no difference in the effect on kidney function or diuresis. Length of stay appears to be shorter for those who held their ACEI/ARBs.

Keywords:

• acute heart failure syndrome
• blood pressure
• glomerular filtration rate
• length of stay

Introduction

Acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) is one of the most prevalent diagnoses among patients that may lead to medical care at hospital. Treating AHFS is an intricate process that is characterized with the diverse population of affected patients, lack of a widely accepted description, inadequate consideration the pathogenesis and insufficient evidenced-based instructions.¹ The primary management goal in these patients is relief of congestion and the improvement of symptoms. Management of intravenous loop diuretics is effective in decreasing elevated venous filling pressures and remains the first-line treatment of volume overload and congestion.² Patients admitted with evidence of significant fluid overload should initially be treated with loop diuretics that are usually given intravenously. Early intervention brings about useful results for patients hospitalized with decompensated HF.³

The acute use of furosemide for diuresis has been shown to stimulate the production of renin. This further increases levels of angiotensin-vasopressin with initial elevation in filling pressures, especially in the first 20–30 min, before the suspected effect of volume depletion by diuresis.⁴ Soon after administration, cardiac function is depressed, but filling pressures fall and stroke volume increases, as diuresis occurs.⁵ The neurohormonal effects return to baseline levels with longer use.

Substantial evidence has accumulated to indicate that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) antagonism of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) decreases morbidity and mortality across multiple cohorts of patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.⁶ ACEIs are considered as cornerstone treatment in chronic heart failure secondary to left ventricular dysfunction. This treatment should be prescribed to all patients with heart failure (HF) due to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), unless the patient has a contraindication to their use or have been shown to be unable to tolerate treatment with these drugs.⁷

Angiotensin II helps to maintain adequate glomerular filtration when renal perfusion pressure is low by constricting the efferent arteriole. Consequently, inhibition of ACE can induce renal insufficiency in patients with heart failure. ACE inhibitors reduce glomerular capillary pressure by dilating renal efferent arterioles.⁸ Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) would exert the same effect by virtue of similar final mechanism.

Optimal diuresis depends on adequate kidney function and perfusion. However, it is unknown whether the combination of furosemide and ACEIs adversely affect the desired response and patient improvement, compared to the use of diuretics alone. Inadequate renal perfusion is not the entire explanation behind worsening renal function in acute heart failure.⁵ There have been some previous studies that showed diuretics are beneficial for acute HF patients, have RAS activation, and that ACEI are not bad for patients on Lasix® (furosimide).^9,10 However, these studies were conducted on an older adult population, whereas, this study will target young adults.^9,10 Therefore, the present study aims to differentiate between the use of ACEI/ARBs blocking the deleterious effects of neurohormonal activation or the improvement of renal perfusion by holding these drugs to allow better diuresis and renal function preservation in a young population.

Patients and Methods

Study Setting and Participants

Patients with chronic heart failure on maintenance ACEI/ARBs admitted with acute decompensated HF and with stable blood pressure were enrolled. A simple random sampling process was used to assign patients to one of the two groups. Several parameters have been analyzed in this study; one of them is the length of stay. The study needs to include 16 patients in each group to achieve a significant reduction of about 40% in the length of stay, with type I error rate of 5% and power 80%. Patients who provide written informed consent to participate in the study were assigned to either group 1 or group 2;

• Group 1 continued ACEI/ARBs during admission

• Group 2 had stopped taking ACEI/ARBs

The study was approved by the IRB of King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The patients were evaluated on admission and on day 4 and the results were compared. However, the total duration of the patients’ participation in the study was 30 days as they were followed-up for investigating readmission.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria for the study were;

• Men and women ≥18 years

• Patients with chronic heart failure on maintenance ACEI/ARBs admitted with acute decompensated HF

• BP defined as SBP ≥85 mmHg.

• Signed written informed consent obtained prior to inclusion in the study

Whereas, the exclusion criteria of the study were;

• Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction

• Systolic BP below 85

• Patients with renal transplant or only has one functioning kidney

• Known severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min)

• Administration of any other investigational drug within 30 days before inclusion

• Presence of any severe medical or psychological condition that indicate that participation in the study is not in the best interest of the patient

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women

Study Analysis

The study analysis was done using the commercial software SPSS program version 17. Comparison between the median levels of creatine, weight loss, and urine output were performed using two sample t-test. For dependent observation, the paired sample t-test was used. Categorical outcome was analyzed and compared using the Pearson’s chi-squared test. Type I error rate was set at 5%. The statistical analysis of data was done by using the software package SAS version 9.3 (Statistical Analysis System, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Descriptive statistics for the continuous variables were reported as mean ±standard deviation and categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables in the two groups of the study were compared by Student’s independent t-test; while, categorical variables were compared by chi-squared test. The level of statistical significance is set at p<0.05.

Results

A total of 32 patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure were evaluated in the present study among which 56.25% were male. There was no significant difference in gender, ethnicity and past medical history in both groups. The demographics of the patients can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1 Patient Demographics

Characteristic	N (%)	N (%)	p-value
Gender
Male	10 (31.25)	8 (25.0)	0.374
Female	6 (18.75)	8 (25.0)
Ethnicity
Saudi	10 (31.25)	11 (34.37)	0.182
Non-Saudi	6 (18.75)	5 (15.62)
Past Medical History
Smoking	4 (12.5)	5 (15.62)	0.524
Stroke	1 (3.125)	0 (0.0)
Renal insufficiency	3 (9.37)	4 (12.5)
PVD	2 (6.25)	3 (9.37)
ICD	2 (6.25)	3 (9.37)
Hypertension	12 (37.5)	14 (43.75)
Hyperlipidemia	8 (25.0)	6 (18.75)
Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin treated)	2 (6.25)	2 (6.25)
Diabetes mellitus (insulin treated)	3 (9.37)	1 (3.125)
Atrial fibrillation or flutter	3 (9.37)	4 (12.5)

The mean age ±SD for groups 1 and 2 were 58±15.3 and 56±15.6, mean BP±SD was 123/71±14/13 and 120/71±18/14, and weight ±SD was 75.3±20.8 and 78.5±19.8, respectively (Table 1). Baseline mean GFR for groups 1 and 2 were 54.8±8.3 and 52.4±10.9, respectively. On day of analysis, BP was 113/65±11.9/6.5 and 108/66.9±14.1/9.8, weight was 68.4±19.8 kg and 73.7±20.2 kg, net volume balance of urine output was 2810.3±1011.8 mL and 3941.7±2849.7 mL, and length of stay was 11.75±6 and 7.9±3.7 days, for groups 1 and 2, respectively. The 30-day readmission rate was 12.5% and 18.8% respectively; while, the 90-day readmission rate was 25% and 37.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in outcome SBP (p=0.2926) and DBP (p=0.7369), weight (p=0.4798), GFR (p=0.7), net volume balance (p=0.166) at 30 (p=0.5) and 90-day (p=0.446) readmission rates. The only statistically different outcome was observed for length of stay (LOS) (p=0.0392) (Table 2).

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics

Characteristic	Group 1 Mean (±SD)	Group 2 Mean (±SD)	p-value
Age	58.6 (15.3)	56.1 (15.6)	0.6503
Weight	75.3 (20.8)	78.5 (19.8)	0.6609
Heart rate	91.1 (25.2)	90.7 (15.8)	0.9535
Systolic blood pressure	123.4 (14.7)	120.5 (18.2)	0.6187
Diastolic blood pressure	71.8 (13.1)	71.4 (14.1)	0.9281
Creatinine	97.1 (35.1)	107.6 (14.1)	0.4223
Creatinine clearance	54.8 (8.3)	52.4 (10.9)	0.5038

This study addresses a common daily question that one experience while managing patients admitted with decompensated HF. There are lots of data in management of chronic heart failure patients but no significant change in acute heart failure management has been shown in the past two decades.¹¹ Therefore, loop diuretics are still the main treatment for patients presenting with ADHF. One of the main limiting factors in continuing or dose adjustment of diuretics is kidney function, which is more complicated than just the effect of diuresis itself including kidney handling, cardiac output, and organ perfusion. The relationship between worsening renal function and poor outcomes in patients with heart failure has been established;¹² although, some uncertainty about the importance of transient worsening persists.¹³ According to some studies, this worsening of renal function is caused by hemodynamic abnormalities and therapy with diuretics.^14,15 Also, most of the patients with acute HF also have decreased glomerular filtration rate causing renal insufficiency, which further causes decreased renal function in a cardiac event.¹⁴

Beta-blocker use and hold has been discussed on several occasions during decompensation;¹⁶ however, it is not observed which is the class I standard therapy in heart failure with systolic dysfunction. Diuretics greatly assist patients with low cardiac output, with increased GFR seen shortly after (few hours to next day) due to increased renal perfusion. In acute HF with reduced CO, usage is beneficial.¹⁷ The ACC/AHA guidelines state that patients admitted with significant worsening of renal function should be considered for reduction in or temporary discontinuation of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists until renal function improves.¹⁷ The results of this study are novel as the population considered in this study is young, compared to the world data of acute heart failure. However, the patients still had some mild renal impairment that had not worsened with therapy, and was consistent in both groups.

There were some limitations of the study such as, the sample size was small. Also, the history of medications used by the participants and their interactions with the usage and withholding of ACEI/ARBS were not considered. Similar study on bigger sample size and with consideration of other medications is recommended.

Conclusion

The present study retains the dilemma and puts more pressure on on-site judgment; although it comfortably shows no difference in both strategies. The study showed no difference in blood pressure between the groups, either with or without therapy. One of the main drawbacks of withholding ACEI/ARBs is the interruption of treatment and the high chance of missing reinstitution on discharge. Length of stay is still an important outcome measure as it affects cost and could be a strong determining factor in the choice between the two approaches. It is not clear why LOS was different between the groups; although all other major factors were equivalent. Therefore, future studies need to observe these variables, along with its effects. Rehospitalization was numerically greater in those who had their ACEI/ARBs stopped but did not reach statistical significance, mostly because of the small sample size. At the same time these patients had shorter lengths of stay. There have been variable reports on the length of stay among different world registries.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Acknowledgment

The authors are very thankful to all the associated personnel in any reference that contributed in/for the purpose of this research.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.