Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effect of comprehensive treatment on ocular surface function and the visual quality of online teachers with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition during the early phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
Secondary school online teachers diagnosed with a mild-to-moderate dry eye disease in our outpatient clinic from February to May 2020 were enrolled in this retrospective cross-section study, and all patients received dry eye comprehensive treatment. A questionnaire survey on eye-use habits, visual quality and dry eye-related indicators was collected before and after treatment (2 and 4 weeks). The changes and the correlations between indicators before and after treatment were compared.
Results
A total of 30 patients (15 females and 15 males) were included. After comprehensive treatment, patients had significantly higher central tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive first tear film breakup time (NIBUTf) and non-invasive average tear film breakup time (NIBUTav) than those before with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Lower ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and Meibomian gland scores were observed after treatment with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff, strehl ratio (SR), and tear film objective scatter index (TF-OSI) were significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.05). Besides, TF-OSI was positively correlated with the changes in OSDI, Meibomian gland score, eye-use duration and OSI with statistical significance (P < 0.05), while it was negatively correlated with NIBUTf, NIBUTav, the TMH of the central lower eyelid, SR, sleep duration, conjunctival congestion and the MTF cutoff (P < 0.05), respectively. No correlation between TF-OSI and ciliary congestion was found (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Comprehensive treatment could effectively improve the symptoms and visual quality of online teachers with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic.
Introduction
Dry eye is a common multifactorial inflammatory disease that can lead to chronic eye discomfort, visual impairment, and reduced quality of life, which is increasingly induced by environmental pollution and the common use of electronic devices.Citation1 Besides, dry eye is a common chronic eye disease after refractive error and a chronic condition affecting public health.Citation2 In the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) climate, teachers have to complete long hours of online work, such as online lesson preparation, teaching, post-lesson question-and-answer sessions, and homework correction, thereby following the requirement by the Education Ministry of China to “stop classes without stopping teaching and learning”.
Due to isolation at home because of COVID-19, eye-use duration and intensity among teachers have increased significantly, causing a rise in the incidence of dry eye among these workers. Several studies have shown the increasing incidence and worsening symptoms of dry eye disease, but with no further exploration on treatment strategy.Citation3–Citation5 Besides, the current treatment for dry eye, based on a lack of effective etiological and other comprehensive treatments, is primarily symptom relief. Accordingly, establishing comprehensive and standardized treatments for dry eye is imperative.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of comprehensive treatment on the ocular surface function and the visual quality of online teachers with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition during the early stage of the outbreak and to provide evidence for the treatment of dry eye among this demographic.
Subjects and Methods
This was a retrospective cross-section study and approved by the ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (KY2020027). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants had signed informed consent for enrollment.
Subjects
Thirty secondary school online teachers (60 eyes) who had been diagnosed with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition in our hospital from February to May 2020 were enrolled, including 15 males and 15 females, aged 38.12 ± 6.74 years. The diagnosis of a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition was based on the 2013 Expert Consensus on Clinical Management of Dry Eye.Citation1 The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) teachers who participated in online work during the outbreak; (II) patients with mild-to-moderate dry eye disease; and (III) patients with the best-corrected visual acuity of 5.0 in both eyes. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) patients with significant myopia;Citation6 (II) patients with no history of wearing a bandage contact lens;Citation7 (III) patients with history of eye surgery or trauma; (IV) patients with active inflammation of the eye; and (V) patients with refractive medium turbidity disease.
Methods
Questionnaire
The same physician in the outpatient clinic surveyed the study participants about the time duration, type of devices and habits in which they used their eyes on electronic products, and their sleep duration and conducted an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire among the study participants before treatment and at the 2nd and 4th week after treatment, respectively. How electronic products were used referred to the type of electronic product, the duration of each continuous use period, and the distance between the screen and the eyes when using electronic products. “Eye-use duration” for electronic products refers to the average daily use duration, and “sleep duration” refers to the average daily hours of sleep.
Visual Quality Inspection
The modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff, strehl ratio (SR), basal objective scatter index (OSI), tear film objective scatter index (TF-OSI) and total OSICitation8,Citation9 were measured by the same physician in the outpatient clinic using the optical quality analysis system (OQAS) (Visiometrics Inc., Spain) with dual-channel technology;Citation10 measurements were conducted before and at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, respectively. The correlations between each indicator were analyzed by comparing the changes in each parameter before and after treatment at the 2nd and the 4th week.
Detection of the Indicators Related to Dry Eye
The central tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive first tear film breakup time (NIBUTf), non-invasive average tear film breakup time (NIBUTav), Meibomian gland score, and eye redness analysis were performed for the participants by the same physician in the outpatient clinic using the Keratograph 5M ocular surface analyzer before treatment and at the 2nd and 4th week after treatment, respectively. The Meibomian gland score was calculated using the methods proposed by Arita both before and after treatment.Citation11 Slit-lamp microscope, ophthalmoscope and speciality check-up were used to exclude active eye inflammation, for ensuring the accuracy of eye redness analysis.
Comprehensive Treatment for Dry Eye
The following approaches were provided to the study participants.
(I) Health education: To help the participants understand the natural course of dry eye and the chronic nature of the condition and involve them in its management to reduce recurrence and chronicity. (II) Etiological therapy: Several recommendations were provided that an eye-use session lasting 30–45 min be adopted, followed by a break of 5–10 min; A distance of at least 33 cm be maintained when using electronic products and that a screen shield or eye protection glasses be used alongside other precautions. (III) Psychological comfort and encouragement: To help patients to relieve anxiety and depression, enhance confidence, and improve compliance. Cellphone messages of intervention measures as reminders for patients and telephone follow-up were proceeded every week. The follow-up with guidance of psychological assessment and consult was proceeded by a psychologist. Psychological regulation was composed of emotional catharsis, meditation, muscle relaxing and active cognitive behavioral therapy. (IV) Lacrimal replacement therapy: Preservative-free 0.1% sodium glass acid eye drops 4 times per day. (V) Hot-compress therapy of the Meibomian glands: Under the guidance of a physician, a hot massage of the Meibomian glands should be performed at home to speed up local blood flow to the eyelids, soften the eyelid fat, improve blockage of the Meibomian duct, reduce Meibomian gland dysfunction, and reduce tear evaporation. (VI) Modification of eyelid exposure and blinking abnormalities: The height of the table and chair should match the height of the device, which should be placed at a position of 10° to 20° below the horizon, enabling the user to look down when using electronic products to reduce eye surface exposure and avoid tear evaporation. Patients should also consciously increase blinking frequency to promote the redistribution of tears and maintain the stability of the tear film. (VII) Environmental modification: Indoor lighting should be moderate, and the humidity of the air in the room should be increased; ventilation should be strengthened, and air-condition and smoking/exposure to a greasy/smoky environment should be avoided.
Statistical Analysis
All the data collected in this study were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (v.25.0) software. Normally distributed measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (± SD), while non-normally distributed measurement data were expressed as median (interquartile range), and the comparisons were examined by Student-t-test and Mann–Whitney test (non-parametric distribution). Analysis of variance of the one-way repeated measurement was conducted for making comparisons at different points before and after treatment. A post-hoc comparative analysis was adopted for the two-by-two comparisons between different time points. Pearson’s correlation test was used to conduct a correlation analysis; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The Changes to Each Indicator Detected by the Keratograph 5M Ocular Surface Analyzer Before and After Treatment
At the 2nd and 4th week after treatment, the TMH values of the central lower eyelid were 0.53 ± 0.09 and 0.51 ± 0.08 mm, respectively; these values were higher than the value of 0.10 ± 0.03 mm before treatment with statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The NIBUTf values were 11.09 ± 2.33 and 11.68 ± 1.9 s at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment, respectively, which were higher than the value of 2.62 ± 0.53 s before treatment with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The NIBUTav values were 15.65 ± 3.05 and 15.66 ± 3.12 s at the 2nd and 4th week after treatment, respectively, which were significantly higher than the value of 5.58 ± 1.07 s before treatment (P < 0.001). The 2nd and the 4th week Meibomian gland scores after treatment were 2.15 ± 1.13 and 1.88 ± 0.9, respectively, which were significantly lower than the score of 3.80 ± 1.12 before treatment, with statistical significance (P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in conjunctival and ciliary congestion between the measurements before and after treatment (P = 0.677 and 0.372, respectively). There was no difference in the TMH of the central lower eyelid, NIBUTf, NIBUTav, Meibomian gland score, and conjunctival and ciliary congestion between the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment (P > 0.05). The detailed results are shown in .
Table 1 The Comparison of Each Indicator Before and After Treatment Detected by the Keratograph 5M Ocular Surface Analyzer
The Changes in Each Indicator Detected by the Dual-Channel Optical Quality Analysis System Before and After Treatment
After treatment, the 2nd and the 4th week OSI values were 0.43 ± 0.29 and 0.41 ± 0.34, respectively, which were significantly lower than the value of 1.29 ± 0.53 before treatment (P < 0.001). The TF-OSI at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment were 0.55 ± 0.42 and 0.51 ± 0.37, respectively, which were significantly lower than the value of 1.48 ± 0.56 before treatment (P < 0.001). The MTF cutoff values were 44.19 ± 4.12 and 44.20 ± 3.97 at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment were significantly higher than the value of 31.89 ± 2.58 before treatment (P < 0.001), respectively. The SR values at the 2nd and the 4th weeks after treatment were 0.27 ± 0.2 and 0.28 ± 0.197, respectively, which were significantly higher than the value of 0.20 ± 0.17 before treatment (P < 0.001). The differences in OSI, TF-OSI, MTF cutoff, and SR at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment were with no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Detailed information mentioned above are shown in .
Table 2 Comparison of OQAS-II Objective Visual Quality Indicators Before and After Treatment with Dual-Channel Technology
The Changes in Each Indicator Based on the Questionnaire
As shown in , the OSDI values were 6.13 ± 2.66 and 5.87 ± 2.71 at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment, which were significantly lower than the value of 23.1 ± 4.55 before treatment (P < 0.001), respectively. At the 2nd and the 4th weeks after treatment, the eye-use duration values were 3.36 ± 2.01 and 3.49 ± 1.87 h, which were significantly lower than the value of 9.20 ± 1.69 before treatment (P < 0.001). There was no difference in sleep duration before and after treatment (P = 0.241). The differences in the OSDI, eye-use duration, and sleep duration between the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment were with no statistical significance (P > 0.05).
Table 3 The Comparison of Each Indicator Before and After Treatment by Questionnaire
The Correlation Between Tear Film Objective Scatter Index and Each Indicator Before and After Treatment
Before treatment and at the 2nd and the 4th weeks after treatment, the TF-OSI was positively correlated with OSDI, Meibomian gland scores, and eye-use duration with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05), while it was negatively correlated with NIBUTf, NIBUTav, the TMH of the central lower eyelid, SR, sleep duration, conjunctival congestion and the MTF cutoff with statistical significance (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between TF-OSI and ciliary congestion (P > 0.05). These detailed data are shown in .
Table 4 The Correlation of TF-OSI and Each Indicator Before and After Treatment
Discussion
With the modern accelerated pace of life and the popularity of computers, tablets, cell phones, and other electronic products, the incidence of dry eye is increasing annually. During the COVID-19 pandemic, more people have been forced to work and study at home, which would induce high prevalence of dry eye disease,Citation12 including teachers in China. In the present study, thirty participants underwent comprehensive treatment for their dry disease with significant improvement in symptoms and visual indicators compared with those before. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, the OSI and the TF-OSI were significantly lower than those before treatment. TF-OSI was positively correlated with the OSDI, the Meibomian gland scores, the eye-use duration, and the OSI, while it was negatively correlated with the NIBUTf, NIBUTav, the TMH of the central lower eyelid, the SR, and the MTF cutoff, which was consistent with previous studies.Citation13,Citation14
Comprehensive treatment should be implemented for dry eye patients rather than symptom relief only. Health education was recommended as an important aspect of successful treatment for dry eye.Citation15 Besides, the incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with dry eye is higher than that in healthy population.Citation16 Moreover, dry eye has been proved and defined as a chronic and progressive disease,Citation17,Citation18 of which etiologies are complex and may not be completely cured.Citation2 Moon et al suggested that the number of eye blinks among prolonged video terminal workers was only 1/3 of that in the normal population, and it would lead to a lack of the timely application of tears to the ocular surface, resulting in a decrease in the stability of the local TF and causing dry eye.Citation1 Additionally, horizontal forward fixation of the eyes when using electronic devices would significantly increase the eyes’ exposure down to the ocular surface, compared with normal reading, which would (indirectly) lead to the rapid evaporation of tears from the ocular surface.Citation19,Citation20 Furtherly, for the special circumstances during the COVID-19 pandemic, online teachers were quarantined at home and limited in terms of outdoor exercise would have more risk on incidence of dry eye.Citation21 Thus, comprehensive treatment should be provided to maximize quality of life and curation of dry eye disease for patients.Citation22 In the present study, a comprehensive treatment strategy composed of health education, etiology prevention, psychological comfort, lacrimal replacement, hot compress, modification of eyelid exposure, and environmental modification were provided, and significant improvements were obtained.
It is considerable for the teachers and the other professions to adopt our treatment strategy for their eye protection and dry eye treatment in daily lives. According to a requirement by the Ministry of Education in China, teachers had to complete work in form of online by increased electronic device usage. The incidence of dry eye increased significantly when electronic devices were used for more than 8 h/day.Citation13 In addition, Tong et al and Şimşek et al showed that dry eye among video terminal operators correlated with dysfunction of the Meibomian glands and that reduced blinking frequency among these workers was an underlying pathophysiological mechanism for the high incidence of Meibomian gland disease.Citation23,Citation24 Recently, it was also suggested that three major factors, including a lack of outdoor exercise, prolonged sedentary activity, and the use of electronic devices, reduced tear production and affected the progression of dry eye,Citation25 which was also previously reported.Citation21,Citation26 Thus, not only teachers but also students and all professions with long time usage of electronic devices should take dry eye disease seriously and pay attention to the prevention of disease.
In the present study, following a comprehensive treatment for dry eye, the questionnaire results showed that the time duration of using electronic devices decreased from 9.20 ± 1.69 h before treatment to 3.36 ± 2.01 h after treatment. Additionally, dry eye-related indicators including the OSDI, Meibomian gland score, NIBUTf, NIBUTav, and the TMH of the central lower eyelid improved significantly at the 2nd and the 4th week after treatment, compared with the ocular surface function indicators before treatment. Conjunctival congestion and ciliary congestion were found to be important indicators of local inflammation of the ocular surface. Our findings showed no significant differences in bulbar conjunctival and ciliary congestion before and after treatment, which may be correlated with the small number of subjects and the limited data collection conducted for the present study. The visual quality indicators of OSI, MTF cutoff, SR, and the TF-OSI in patients with dry eye also improved significantly after treatment, compared with before treatment. It did confirm the effectiveness of our treatment strategy.
The TF-OSI may reflect the stability of the tear film in patients with dry eye, and the value of this factor correlates with the severity of dry eye. In the correlation analysis between TF-OSI and visual quality indicators, TF-OSI positively correlated with OSDI, Meibomian gland scores, eye-use duration, and OSI, while it was negatively correlated with NIBUTf, NIBUTav, TMH of the central lower eyelid, SR, and MTF cutoff. These differences were statistically significant. These results were consistent with previous studies.Citation9,Citation14
There were also several limitations of the present study. First, only 30 participants restricted to teachers were enrolled into this analysis for the short duration of online teaching in China. More patients in other professions should be enrolled into analysis in the future. Second, due to the restriction of treatment for out-clinic patients, compliance of patient treatment could not be evaluated accurately, while only cell phone message and telephone follow-up were proceeded. It should be improved by some quantifiable indicators to judge the compliance of out-clinic patients in further study. Third, the follow-up time was only 4 weeks, and more visual indicators and symptoms should be observed in the future. At last, for its nature of cross-section analysis, the decreased time duration of using electronic device would result in relieved symptoms and better indicator index. Cohort studies or randomized controlled trials should be done to further evaluate the effects of comprehensive treatment, if possible.
In conclusion, comprehensive treatment could effectively improve the stability of the tear film and the condition of the ocular surface for dry eye patients. It could also alleviate the symptoms and improve visual quality of dry eye during the early stage of the outbreak among online teachers who experienced a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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