https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-2278
Abstract
Background
Lipid profile measurement in order to identify patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is clearly recommended for all age groups. However, the value of screening patients for elevated LDL-C during hospitalization has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of lipid screening tests in patients admitted to internal medicine wards, and as part of our efforts to promote a more intelligent and efficient use of laboratory and imaging tests during hospital care.
Methods
We conducted this retrospective, observational study, in which medical charts of patients for whom at least one lipid profile measurement was performed during hospitalization were reviewed. The patients were categorized into 5 groups according to admission diagnosis, and for each patient, we looked if the lipid profile was mentioned or referred to, based on guidelines, in the discharge summary.
Results
Lipid profile taken during hospitalization was referred to in the discharge letter in only 38.7% of patients, and even in the case of a need to consider according to guidelines, only a 45.7% consideration rate was found.
Conclusion
This study highlights the need for a more efficient and focused approach to the use of lipid profile measurement during hospitalization.
Introduction
Guidelines clearly recommend the determination of elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for all age groups.Citation1 The measurement of blood lipid profile during hospitalization in patients with documented ASCVD probably has clinical benefit,Citation2,Citation3 but the value of lipid profile screening for patients admitted for other reasons has yet to be determined. On the one hand, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends that lipid profile should be measured in all patients with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), preferably on the first 24 hours of hospital admission.Citation4 On the other hand, lipid profile measurement during hospitalization can result in values that are not representative and might be lower than the patient’s actual level.Citation5 The utility of measuring lipid profile for patients admitted not due to ASCVD has not been determined.
Rambam Health Care Campus (RHCC) is a tertiary hospital in northern Israel. The internal medicine division of RHCC has six internal medicine departments, containing 238 beds. The measurement of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and calculated LDL-C is commonly performed in these wards, and the decision to measure them is up to the treating physician. A previous initiative performed in the internal medicine division of our medical center focused on improving the efficiency of medical investigations, resulted in significant reduction of unnecessary blood tests and other diagnostic tests.Citation6,Citation7 In this study, we aimed to investigate the value of lipid screening tests in patients admitted to internal medicine wards as part of our efforts to promote a more intelligent and efficient use of laboratory and imaging tests during hospital care, inspired by the Choosing Wisely campaign®.Citation8
Methods
A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to the internal medicine division at RHCC, was performed between 01/01/2019 and 31/12/2019. Data were collected from computerized medical records. Patients for whom at least one lipid profile measurement was performed during hospitalization were included. Data collection included demographic variables (age and gender), HDL-C, total cholesterol, and TG measurements and calculated LDL-C. Relevant past medical history was obtained. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to admission diagnosis: (1) chest pain, including unstable angina (UA) and myocardial infarction (MI), (2) congestive heart failure (CHF), (3) neurological problem, (4) fever/infectious disease, and (5) other. For each subject, we documented whether the discharge summary referred to the lipid profile, and whether therapeutic recommendations relating to the lipid profile were provided. Normality was assessed using skewness and kurtosis. The demographic and laboratory results were presented in terms of median and interquartile range (IQR). Two-tailed Mann–Whitney test was used to assess significance. Categorical variables were described in percentage. Chi-square test was used to compare percentages. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare between small sample-sized groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS, version 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
A total of 199 patients were included in this study. The median LDL-C was 89.5 mg/dL. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in . Lipid profile was mentioned in the discharge summary in 77 patients (38.7%). In 94 patients, the lipid profile measurement should have been referred to based on guidelines, and this was indeed the case for 43 (45.7%), 35 (37.2%) of whom had an appropriate adjustment in medical treatment. In 105 patients, the lipid profile did not require a change in treatment based on guidelines. Within this group, 34 (32.4%) had a reference to the measured lipid profile in the discharge summary. In general, there were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding the mention of the lipid profile in the discharge summary or advice regarding treatment (). Within the group of patients admitted for chest pain, the consideration given to the lipid profile was significantly higher (21.1%, P<0.001) than in the other admission groups.
Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients
Table 2 Consideration of Lipid Profile Measurement in the Discharge Summary
Discussion
There is no doubt that lipid profile measurement should be performed, and lipid-lowering medications prescribed, particularly for the secondary prevention of ASCVD. However, generally the benefits of lipid profile measurement during hospitalization have not been determined and information from previous studies remains inconclusive. A large-scale study performed in the United States revealed that lipid-lowering medications were part of the discharge regimen only in 31.7%.Citation9 Yet, studies aiming to investigate the impact of acute illness on lipid profile found a large variation in LDL-C measurement between consecutive tests, and thus may have an impact on the treatment.Citation10,Citation11
In our study, we found that the results of the lipid profile performed during hospitalization were mentioned in the discharge summary in only 38.7% of cases, and that treatment recommendations when indicated occurred in less than half of the cases. Where medical resources are limited and cost-effectiveness considered on a daily basis, great attention should be given to unnecessary blood tests taken on admission. A previous study performed at our hospital using clear recommendations and unbundling routine panels of chemistry tests resulted in a 20% reduction in the use of unnecessary laboratory tests.Citation6 However, that study did not relate to the lipid profile.
This study has several limitations. First of all, it is a small sample of hospitalized patients, randomly assigned from our hospital computerized data-base. Second, it is a single-center study, so the observed outcomes may not be generalizable to other centers. Above all, it is a retrospective observational study, not an interventional one.
Conclusions
We believe that the current study helps to highlight the need for a more focused approach to the use of lipid profile measurements in acute admissions to internal medicine wards and to further assimilate a more efficient use of it.
Data Sharing Statement
All data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Approval
The study was approved by the RHCC Institutional Review Board (Approval #RMB-20-0087). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design of this study. The data was anonymized and maintained with confidentiality, and only the first and corresponding author had access to the collected data. This study was performed in compliance with the declaration of Helsinki.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Mr. Boris Lebedenko for assisting in statistical analysis.
Additional information
Funding
References
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