Fever of unknown origin successfully treated by oren-gedoku-to (huanglian-jie-du-tang)

Abstract

Oren-gedoku-to is a traditional medicine used for treating inflammatory conditions and is given by prescription in Japan, People’s Republic of China, and Korea. Its anti-inflammatory effect is related to the arachidonate cascade and inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, but research on other anti-inflammatory pathways is ongoing. We report a case of fever of unknown origin in a 33-year-old woman. The possibility of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus, autoimmune, neoplastic, or other disease was examined and excluded. Oren-gedoku-to was successfully used to treat her symptoms and may thus be a suitable treatment for patients with undiagnosed fever of unknown origin

Keywords:

• fever of unknown origin
• oren-gedoku-to
• huanglian-jie-du-tang
• kampo

Introduction

Despite advances in diagnostic techniques, fever of unknown origin (FUO) remains a formidable challenge, with the cause of fever not being identified in 7%–38% of patients.¹ Oren-gedoku-to (OGT) has been used traditionally to remove “heat” and “poison” from the body.² On the basis of this theory in Oriental medicine, it has been used in clinical practice to treat inflammation, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and liver and cerebrovascular disease.² In Japan, OGT is manufactured as a powdered, freeze-dried water extract by Tsumura Co, Ltd (Tokyo, Japan).

Case report

A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our general medicine department with FUO which had persisted for longer than 2 months and was resistant to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prednisolone 20 mg/day. Her fever was remittent, and body temperature ranged from 37.5°C to 38.5°C. She reported sweating and headache, but did not complain of body weight change, pain, nausea, abnormal vaginal bleeding, or diarrhea.

To treat dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, she had been prescribed oral contraceptives (levonorgestrel, ethinylestradiol) for 7 years, and the dose had remained unchanged during that period. She had no history of pregnancy, and a gynecologic examination revealed no infectious or malignant findings.

She had been receiving regular follow-up care for mild depression for 3 years at our department of psychiatry and had been prescribed the antidepressants, aripiprazole and duloxetine hydrochloride, until 2 months before admission. Her depressive symptoms were stable upon presentation to our department. She had asthma, which was well controlled with the inhaled steroid budesonide (200 μg, once daily).

She was a housewife and only had sexual contact with her husband who had no sexually transmitted diseases. She had no pets and no animal or insect bites. She had not traveled for one year and had no history of drug abuse. A family history revealed no hereditary cause of fever.

Her height was 152 cm and body weight was 56 kg. Her mental status was alert, and blood pressure was 92/60 mmHg in a sitting position. Although the rise in body temperature was accompanied by an increase in pulse rate, her pulse was normal, ranging from 58 to 82 beats per minute. Her pulse rate was regular in rhythm, and its size, and tension were within the normal ranges. Her body temperature was 38.5°C and her respiratory rate was 15 per minute. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities, such as focal inflammation, lymph node swelling, skin rash, or abnormal heart sounds.

Laboratory analysis showed no biological inflammation C-reactive protein 0.0 mg/L, and interleukin-6 (2.1 pg/mL, normal range <4.0 pg/mL) and tumor necrosis factor-α (0.6 pg/mL, normal range 0.6–2.8 pg/mL) were normal. A chest X-ray showed no abnormal findings, and sputum culture for acid-fast bacteria was negative. In addition, an interferon-γ release assay (QFT-2G, Oxford Immunotec Co, Ltd Oxford UK) was not positive (0.30 IU/L, normal range <0.80 IU/L). The results for the remaining biological tests were all in the normal ranges, as shown in Table 1. Contrast thoracic and abdominal computed tomography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and gallium scintigraphy excluded infection, including tuberculosis, and rheumatic/inflammatory, neoplastic, or other focal abnormalities.

Table 1 Laboratory findings

Blood cell count: WBC 6300/μL (neutrocytes 67.9%, monocytes 5.4%, eosinocytes 1.3%, lymphocytes 25.2%)

Biochemistry: CRP 0.1 mg/L, BUN 12 mg/dL, Cr 0.1 mg/dL, AST 14 IU/L, ALT 8 IU/L, LDH 201 U/L

Serology: rheumatoid factor <5 IU/mL (<20), anti-nuclear antibody 40 index (<40), interferon-γ 0.30 IU/L (<0.80), interleukin-6, 2.1 pg/mL (<4.0), TNF-α 0.6 pg/mL (0.6–2.8), P-ANCA <5 IU/mL (<20), C-ANCA <5 IU/mL (<20), ferritin 12.6 ng/mL (10–80)

Urine: WBC-negative

Blood culture: negative

Sputum culture: normal bacterial flora, acid-fast bacterium-negative

Note: (), normal range.

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells, CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF, tumor necrosis factor; P-ANCA, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; C-ANCA, cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody.

Fever decreased 2 days after adding Yokukan-san to 7.5 g of powdered OGT, which is the standard dose for adults (Figure 1). OGT was then prescribed for an additional 10 days, and fever has not relapsed after a follow-up period of 2 months.

Figure 1 Body temperature during treatment.

Discussion

FUO is defined as a fever >38.3°C on several occasions, during a period of at least 3 weeks, that remains undiagnosed after one week of investigation.³ After considering the four categories of FUO, ie, classical, neutropenic, nosocomial, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated fever, this patient met the criteria for classical FUO.^4,5 An evidence-based approach divides FUO into four general categories, ie, infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and miscellaneous diseases, each of which requires certain investigations to be performed.⁶

A complete history, physical assessment, and laboratory testing revealed no diagnostic clues. Among the infectious diseases associated with FUO, tuberculosis is the most common in Japan. However, a chest X-ray did not show abnormal findings, and sputum culture for acid-fast bacteria was negative. In addition, an interferon-γ release assay was not positive. Tuberculosis was thus excluded. Among the autoimmune diseases associated with FUO, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, and ferritin were negative. Regarding malignancy, contrast thoracic and abdominal computed tomography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and gallium scintigraphy excluded nonhematologic malignancies. Results of a peripheral blood smear were also within normal ranges.

Drug fever was also considered. Inhaled steroid therapy for asthma was the same before and after admission. Use of aripiprazole and duloxetine hydrochloride had been stopped 2 months before admission. During that 2-month period, she did not report stress in her environment, and her mental condition remained stable. Antidepressant therapy was thus excluded as the cause of fever. The effects of oral contraceptives (levonorgestrel, ethinylestradiol) on fever were also considered. She had been prescribed oral contraceptives for 7 years, and the dose remained unchanged during that period. She reported sweating and headache but no other side effects of oral contraceptives, such as body weight change, pain, nausea, and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Fever due to oral contraceptives is usually low-grade, unlike the continuous high fever in this case. Therefore, oral contraceptive use was not considered the cause of fever. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome can also have low-grade FUO. However, they usually complain of muscle weakness, myalgia, arthralgia, or chills. Our patient had no such complaints.⁷

OGT has been used for 2,000 years to remove “heat” and “poison” from the body.² With the development of modern medicine, “heat” and “poison” have come to be considered aspects of inflammation, hypertension, gastrointestinal tract disorders, and liver and cerebrovascular disease, which are indications for OGT.² OGT is contraindicated for patients who are sensitive to cold.

OGT comprises four decocted medicinal herbs (g): Rhizoma coptidis (2.0), Radix scutellariae (3.0), Cortex phellodendri (2.0), and Fructus gardeniae (1.5). R. scutellariae has the active ingredients baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, which suppress the arachidonate cascade by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, 5-lipoxygenase, but not COX-1, in rats and mice.^8,9 Moreover, OGT has an inhibitory effect on free radical production: baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, wogonin suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2, and OGT directly protected red blood cell membranes from free radical damage.^9,10 The four decocted medicinal herbs have been shown to have greater anti-inflammatory effects than each herb used alone.^11,12 In our patient, C-reactive protein, interferon-γ, and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were within normal ranges. In future cases, interleukin-8, a leukocyte chemotactic factor, should also be measured, to understand better the anti-inflammatory action of OGT. Although the multiple anti-inflammatory effects of OGT are under investigation, the present results suggest that OGT might be an effective agent for FUO, because its anti-inflammatory effects do not depend only on the arachidonate cascade.

It should be stressed, however, that this is a report of only one case. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that OGT is a possible treatment for FUO that remains undiagnosed after an extensive diagnostic workup.

Conclusion

OGT is a possible treatment for FUO, after exclusion of infectious, rheumatic/inflammatory, neoplastic, and other diseases. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of OGT that depend on pathways other than the arachidonate cascade should be investigated in future studies.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interests in this work.