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Abstract
Background
The interaction between the material and the organism affects the survival rate of the orthopedic or dental implant in vivo. Friction stir processing (FSP) is considered a new solid-state processing technology for surface modification.
Purpose
This study aims to strengthen the surface mechanical properties and promote the osteogenic capacity of the biomaterial by constructing a Ti-6Al-4V (TC4)/zinc (Zn) surface nanocomposites through FSP.
Methods
FSP was used to modify the surface of TC4. The microstructures and mechanical properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nanoindentation and Vickers hardness. The biological properties of the modified surface were evaluated by the in vitro and in vivo study.
Results
The results showed that nanocrystalline and numerous β regions, grain boundary α phase, coarser acicular α phase and finer acicular martensite α′ appeared because of the severe plastic deformation caused by FSP, resulting in a decreased elastic modulus and an increased surface hardness. With the addition of Zn particles and the enhancement of hydrophilicity, the biocompatibility was greatly improved in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation. The in vitro osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells and rapid in vivo osseointegration were enhanced on the novel TC4/Zn metal matrix nanocomposite surface.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that this novel TC4/Zn surface nanocomposite achieved by FSP has significantly improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility, in addition to promoting osseointegration and thus has potential for dental and orthopedic applications.
Supplementary material
Figure S1 Nuclear staining of each group at 1, 4, and 24 h.
Abbreviations: Con, control group; FSP, friction stir processing; Zn, zinc.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project numbers: 81300919, 81300912, 51302168, and 51674167), the Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (project number: 12441903002), the Shanghai Pujiang Program (15PJD017), and the SMC-ChengXing Project, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.