Abstract
Background
For the past few years, gene-therapy has recently shown considerable clinical benefit in cancer therapy, and the applications of gene therapies in cancer treatments continue to increase perennially. EZH2, an ideal candidate for tumor gene therapy, plays an important role in the tumorigenesis.
Methods
In this study, we developed a novel gene delivery system with a self-assembly method by Methoxy polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (MPEG-PCL) and DOTAP(DMC). And EZH2si-DMC was used to research anti-glioma both in vitro and in vivo.
Results
DMC with zeta-potential value of 36.7 mV and size of 35.6 nm showed good performance in the delivery siRNA to glioma cell in vitro with high 98% transfection efficiency. EZH2si-DMC showed good anti-glioma effect in vitro through inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth. What’s more, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with DMC-EZH2si complex had significantly inhibited tumor growth at the subcutaneous model in vivo by inhibiting EZH2 protein expression, promoting apoptosis and reducing proliferation.
Conclusion
The EZH2 siRNA and DMC complex may be used to treat the glioma in clinical as a new drug.
Introduction
The patient who suffered from grade IV glioblastoma (GBM) had the highest death rate.Citation1,Citation2 Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were used to treat glioma patients, which improve the quality of life of glioma patients at a certain degree.Citation3 The average survival of glioblastoma patients is only 12–15 months, as the unclear boundaries between the tumor and normal tissue leads to uncleanly removal tumor by surgery and the tumor tolerance to the chemotherapy.Citation4 Hence, finding a new method for glioma therapy is of interest. Although it was well known that cancer is caused by the gene regulation for several years, the concern about specific target gene is still inadequate.
Table S1 Blood biochemical test
Table S2 Blood routine test
Currently, many cancer-associated genes are identified such as EZH2, PRMT5 and SMYD3. EZH2 is the central active subunit of the PRC2 complex that includes the following three subunits: EED, SUZ12 and RbAp46/48. PCR2 can cause 27-lysine of histone 3 (H3K27) methylation, and this process can make the chromosome close, leading to gene silencing.Citation5–Citation7 H3K27 methylation has been correlated with transcriptional repression and heterochromatin formation.Citation8 In mammals, EZH2 gene has a relatively high expression in stem cells and actively proliferative cells but low expression in differentiation cells.Citation9 A number of studies had shown that EZH2 is overexpressed in many tumors such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer and others, and reducing the expression of EZH2 in tumor cells could inhibit proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and induce apoptosis.Citation10–Citation13
Gene therapy is an emerging treatment for various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases.Citation14 RNA interference (RNAi) is a homologous RNA degradation process by double-stranded RNA, which is found in the process of studying the antisense RNA of Caenorhabditis elegans (antisense RNA). siRNA consists of a double-stranded RNA of 20–25 nucleotides, which knocks down the specific target gene by degrading the mRNA and inhibiting the production of the relative protein. It is known that siRNA is mainly involved in RNAi phenomenon, with a specific way to regulate gene expression.
Although siRNA has shown enormous potential as a therapeutic strategy, the delivery of specific gene sequences to target cells is still confronted with great challenges on account of nuclease degradation and low cellular uptake in vivo. Consequently, it is very important to use a safe and non-toxic effective delivery system.
Clinical application of gene therapy is limited due to the lack of effective and safe gene transfer technology. Commercially available branched polyethylenimine (PEI; 25,000 kDa, PEI25k), an effective non-viral gene transfection agent, has been applied as a “gold standard” to estimate the transfection efficiency of other newly developed non-viral gene vectors.Citation15–Citation18 But, PEI could not be biodegraded and has grave cytotoxicity, and thus finding an effective gene delivery system is very meaningful. MPEG-PCL is a biodegradable and very safe polymer, and so it was chosen as a framework system. In this research, we prepared biodegradable DMC nanoparticles as a novel non-viral gene carrier, which has low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency. DMC nanoparticles delivering EZH2 siRNA were used to treat glioma in vitro and in vivo, and their antiglioma effect was assessed.
Materials and methods
Materials
1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) (chloride salt) was provided by Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA). MTT was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). DMEM and FBS were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Methanol and acetic acid (HPLC grade) were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone were approved by KeLong Chemicals (Chengdu, China). Antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), consisting of rat anti-mouse CD31 polyclonal antibody (BD Pharmingen™; BD, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA), rabbit anti-mouse Ki67 antibody (Abcam) and rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibody.
MPEG(2,000)-PCL(2,000) diblock copolymer was synthesized by ring opening of ε-caprolactone initiated by MPEG and had the molecular weight of 4,000 Da. First, 5.0 g MPEG, 5.0 g anhydrous ε-caprolactone and Sn(Oct)2 were dissolved in a 50 mL flask under nitrogen at 125°C for 24 hours. The product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, then filtrated and purified by ice-cooled diethyl ether. The resultant product was vacuum dried at ambient temperature, and the average molecular weight of the MPEG-PCL copolymer was 4,010 Da.
Preparation of DMC nanomicelles
DMC was synthesized using a self-assembly method. First, 10 mg DOTAP and 90 mg MPEG-PCL were dissolved in acetone. The acetone was removed under negative pressure conditions, and 5% glucose water solution was added. Finally, the DMC nanomicelles were successfully prepared and stored at 4°C for future use.
Characterization of DMC nanomicelles
The transmission electron microscope (TEM; H-6009IV; Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was employed to observe the morphology of DMC. The nanoparticles were placed on a copper grid covered with nitrocellulose after diluting with distilled water and then stained negatively with phosphotungstic acid. The particle size and zeta potential of DMC nanoparticles were measured by dynamic light scattering (Nano-ZS 90; Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) under 25°C temperature conditions.
Preparation of siRNA-DMC complexes
DMC-siRNA complexes were prepared by mixing 5 µg DMC (1 µL, 5 mg/mL) solution with 0.1 nm siRNA, followed by incubation for 30 minutes at room temperature.
The siRNA-DMC complexes with different weight ratios ranging from 1:10 to 1:50 (siRNA:DMC) were electrophoresed in a 2% (w/v) agarose gel at 150 V for 30 minutes. Then, the agarose gel was stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 mg/mL) and illuminated on an UV illuminator to reveal the location of RNA.
Transfection in vitro
The U87 cells and GL261 (purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were seeded at the density of 3×105/well in six-well plates with 2 mL complete DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum for 24 hours, and then the medium was replaced with 1 mL fresh serum-free DMEM at the time of transfection. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled siRNA (siRNA-FITC) was applied as a reporter gene, and the amount of siRNA was kept at 0.1 nm/well, while the weight ratios of DMC/SiRNA-FITC were 5/1, 25/1, and 50/1, respectively. The fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and flow cytometry (Epics Elite ESP; Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA) were employed to observe the transfected cells and evaluate the transfection efficiency.
MTT assay
The U87 cells were seeded at the density of 5×103/well in 96-well plates with 100 µL complete DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum for 24 hours, and then the medium was replaced with fresh serum-free DMEM at the time of transfection. EZH2 siRNA (siEZH2-1: GGATACAGCCTGTGCACAT; siEZH2-2: GCTCTAGACAACAAACCTT; siEZH2-3: GCAGCTTTCTGTTCAACTT) was applied as a reporter gene, and the amount of siRNA was kept at 0.01 nm/well, while the weight ratio of DMC/siRNA was 50/1. The MTT assay was performed to study the cell cytotoxicity, and the absorbance was evaluated by the plate reader.
Cell apoptosis test
U87 cells were seeded on six-well plates (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) at a density of 3×105 cells per well with DMEM medium. After 24 hours, U87 cells were transfected with DMC, DMC-Consi or DMC-EZH2si (siEZH2-1: GGATACAGCCTGTGCACAT; siEZH2-2: GCTCTAGACAACAAACCTT; siEZH2-3: GCAGCTTTCTGTTCAACTT), or treated with glucose solution (GS) as a negative control. After 72 hours, flow cytometry (FCM; FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) was used to assess the extent of apoptosis in U87 cells by the FITC-conjugated Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the early and late apoptotic cells were all detected.
Western blot
The Western blot assay was performed to detect the expression level of EZH2 protein in U87 cells. The U87 cells washed with cold PBS were lysed in RIPA buffer containing 1 mM phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride and 2 µg/mL protease inhibitors for 30 minutes, and then the cell lysate was centrifuged at 12,000× g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected, and the Lowry method was used to measure the protein content. First, 2 µg of each sample was electrophoresed on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel at 120 V for 60 minutes, and then was transferred to the polyvinylidene difluoride membrane at 100 V for another 60 minutes. The specific protein was detected by primary antibody treatment with rabbit anti-EZH2 (1:1,000 dilution; CST, Boston, MA, USA) and rabbit anti-β-actin (1:1,000 dilution; CST) overnight at 4°C and secondary antibody treatment with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:5,000 dilution) for 2 hours at room temperature using an ECL kit (SignaGen, Jinan, China). The membranes were then probed with primary antibody against Bax, Bcl-2, Akt, p-Akt, MAPK, p-MAPK and β-actin followed by incubation with secondary antibodies.
Xerographic tumor model
All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines and approved by the Animal Care Committee of Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). The animal model was established by female nude BALB/c mice, and the U87 cell suspension (100 µL) at a density of 1×107 was injected subcutaneously into the right flank. When the mean diameter of the tumors was about 6 mm, all the tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal saline, DMC nanoparticles (25 µg), ConsiRNA DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC) and EZH-2 siRNA-DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC). The mice were treated by intratumoral injection with ten doses once 2 days. The tumor volume was calculated as 0.52× length × widthCitation2 and recorded every 3 days. When the mice in the control group became very weak, all were sacrificed by dislocation of the cervical vertebra.
In addition, the mice orthotopic glioma model was built for better simulation of site-specific pathology of glioma. Female C57/BL6 mice (age, 6–8 weeks) were fed with regular diet and housed in top-filtered cages in animal research laboratory of Sichuan University. GL261 cells were infected with luciferase lentivirus. All mice were implanted with GL261 cells under sterile conditions in accordance with the well-established protocol in our institution. Briefly, animal was fixed in a stoelting stereotaxic Instrument stereotactic head frame in a prone position after anesthetization with intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital. A vertical incision was performed to expose the coronal suture. Next, a burr hole was made 1 mm anterior to the coronal suture and 1 mm right to the middle line. Five microliters of GL261 cell solution at a concentration of 2×105 cells/mL were injected 3 mm deep into brain over 5 minutes with needle (10 µL, Neuros Model 1701 RN, point style 4, SYR, Bonaduz, Switzerland). Then, the needle was removed, the burr hole was closed with bone wax, and the incision was sutured. After 7 days, they were treated with normal saline, DMC nanoparticles (25 µg), ConsiRNA DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC) and EZH-2 siRNA-DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC) through intracranial injection every day. Images were captured using the in vivo imaging system heated to 37°C (Quick View 3000) 2 weeks after implantation. The survival time in different groups was recorded for comparison.
Analysis of apoptosis and proliferation in vivo
The tumor tissues were fixed and embedded by paraformaldehyde and paraffin, and then cut into cross-sections about 3–5 µm thick. The sections were dealt with TUNEL kit (Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI, USA) to detect the apoptotic cells in the tumors by the fluorescence microscope (400×).
Meanwhile, a part of the tumor tissues were stored at −80°C and immunostained with rabbit anti-human ki67 antibody (dilution 1:100; Abcam) overnight at 4°C to examine the cell proliferation. Goat-antirabbit tetraethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) (dilution 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) was co-incubated at 37°C for 1 hour and counterstained with Hoechst 33258 for 10 minutes, and then the sections were observed using fluorescence microscope.
Drug toxicity evaluation
The blood was collected from the eyeball of mice 24 hours after injection of agents for evaluation of drug toxicity through blood routine test (BRT) and blood biochemical test (BBT). The group injected with normal saline was used as a control. Next, we sacrificed the mice and collected organs for further histology examination under a microscope using HE staining. Images were captured for observation.
Statistical analyses
The GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used to analyze all the data. The data from multiple groups and the multiple comparisons between groups were analyzed by ANOVA and Newman– Keuls method. Survival data were plotted by Kaplan–Meier curves and analyzed using the log-rank test. Tumor volumes [(smaller diameter)Citation2(larger diameter) ×0.52] were analyzed using Student’s t-test. All values were presented as mean ± standard error of measurement, and *P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Preparation and characterization of the DMC
The DMC was prepared by a self-assembly method and consisted of MPEG-PCL and DOTAP, with a spherical shape (). As shown in , the size and zeta potential of DMC were 34.67 nm and 36 mV, respectively. TEM images show that, morphologically, DMC adopts a bilayer spheroidal structure at around 26 nm in diameter (). Gel retardation assays were used to characterize the ability of the DMC to carry siRNA. As shown in , free siRNA not entrapped in the DMC appeared as a bright band (lanes 2–4) (weight ratio of DMC/siRNA: lane 3:10:1; lane 4:25:1), and no other band of free siRNA was observed from lanes 5 to 6 (weight ratio of DMC/siRNA: lane 5:50:1; lane 6:100:1). This suggests that siRNA was completely incorporated into the DMC and that the complexes were prepared successfully without free siRNA at the weight ratio of 50 times the amount of DMC to siRNA.
Figure 1 Preparation of DMC.
Notes: Preparation of DMC and EZH2si complex: first, a novel gene carrier was prepared by a self-assembly method. MPEG-PCL and DOTAP were assembled into a new gene carrier, DOTAP/MPEG-PCL micelles (DMC). Then, EZH2 siRNA was carried into cancer cells by DMC.
Abbreviation: DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane.
Figure 2 Physicochemical properties of DMC.
Notes: (A) Particle size of DMC; (B) zeta potential of DMC; (C) morphological characteristics of DMC by TEM observation; and (D) gel retardation assay of siRNA and complexes. Lane 1, DNA marker; lane 2, naked siRNA; lanes 3–6, different weight ratios of siRNA with DMC. siRNA was completely incorporated into DMC at a weight ratio of 1:50, and complexes were prepared without free siRNA.
Abbreviation: TEM, transmission electron microscope.
DMC-siRNA has high transfection efficiency in U87 cells
In the cell transfection assays in vitro, DMC had high transfection efficiency in U87 cells after incubation for 4 hours as shown in . The specific transfection rates demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis were 79.2%, 92% and 94.4% when DMC was mixed with FITC-siRNA at a ratio of 1:50, 1:100 and 1:150, respectively ().
Figure 3 Transfection efficiency measurement of DMC.
Notes: DMC, containing 4 µg siRNA, was used to transfect U87 cells for 4 hours. The transfection efficiencies at both weight ratios (siRNA vs DMC as 1:100 and 1:150) were determined using (A) fluorescence microscope and (B) flow cytometry.
Abbreviation: FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate.
EZH2si-DMC causes antitumor effects in vitro
U87 cells were transfected with DMC, Consi-DMC or EZH2si-DMC. After 48 hours, we then measured the expression of EZH2 in these group cells by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot ( and S1A). We found that the expression of EZH2 was decreased in the EZH2si-DMC treatment group. Furthermore, cell activity of those groups was detected by MTT. The result showed that the cell activity in the EZH2si-DMC group was lower than other groups ( and ). Finally, the cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-FITC/PI staining with flow cytometry analysis. The cell apoptosis rates of EM-DMC, Consi and EZH2si groups are 4.5%, 5.3% and 27%, respectively ().
Figure 4 RT-PCR, Western blot and MTT test of cell activity.
Note: When U87 cells were transfected with DMC, Consi-DMC or EZH2si-DMC for 72 hours, EZH2 expression was tested by RT-PCR (A) and Western blot (B), and cell activity was tested by MTT test (C). *P<0.01, EZH2si-DMC versus NS, DMC, Consi-DMC.
Abbreviations: RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; NS, normal saline.
Figure 5 Cell apoptosis test.
Notes: When U87 cells were transfected with DMC (A), Consi-DMC (B) or EZH2si-DMC (C) for 72 hours, U87 cells with different treatments were stained with Annexin V-FITC/PI and tested by flow cytometry. (D) Statistics of tumor cell apoptosis. *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PI, propidium iodide.
Molecular mechanism
To investigate the mechanism of the anticancer effect of EZH2si-DMC, protein expressions related to cell apoptosis and proliferation following treatment of EZH2si-DMC, Consi-DMC and DMC were examined. As demonstrated in , the Bcl-2 protein expression was decreased and the Bax expression increased after EZH2si-DMC treatment, indicating that EZH2si-DMC induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Finally, the levels of MAPK and p-MAPK after EZH2si-DMC treatment were also tested, and the result showed that p-MAPK and p-Akt were obviously decreased after 72-hour treatment with EZH2si-DMC, whereas the total MAPK and Akt were unchanged.
Figure 6 Molecular mechanism of siEZH2-DMC antiglioma.
Notes: (A) The effect of siEZH2-DMC on apoptosis-related proteins by Western blotting analysis. (B) The phosphorylation of Akt and p44/42 MAPK in U87 was inhibited by siEZH2-DMC.
EZH2si-DMC causes antitumor effects in vivo
DMC and its complexes loaded with Consi and EZH2si were used to treat U87 glioma in a nude BALB/c mice model via intratumor injection. EZH2si-DMC treatment showed dramatic antitumor effects than other complexes (Consi-DMC, DMC and normal saline [NS]) as shown in , and no significant differences were observed among mice in the Consi-DMC, DMC and NS groups. In addition, EZH2si-DMC-treated mice had no significant changes in body weight compared with mice in the control groups ().
Figure 7 Antiglioma effect of EZH2si-DMC in vivo.
Notes: (A) Tumor growth curves; (B) tumor weight; (C) tumor photos of NS, DMC, DMC-Consi and DMC-EZH2si treatment groups; and (D) body weight of different groups. (Mean ± SEM, n=5) (*P<0.01, DMC-EZH2si vs NS, DMC, DMC-Consi (A); *P<0.01, DMC-EZH2 vs NS, DMC, and DMC-Consi (B).
In the mice orthotopic glioma model, mice were treated with normal saline, DMC nanoparticles (25 µg), ConsiRNA DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC) and EZH2si-DMC complexes (1 nm siRNA/100 µg DMC) 2 weeks after implantation and were observed using the bioimaging system (). It is obvious that EZH2si-DMC complexes inhibited tumor growth more efficiently than others, and tumor emitting fluorescence is the smallest in four groups, since the life span of mice in the EZH2si-DMC complexes group is the longest.
Figure 8 Bioimaging analysis in the GL261 orthotopic mice model.
Notes: (A) Intracerebral glioma was seen by using fluorescence markers. Tumor was inhibited more effectively by α-MM, compared with other groups. (B) Life survival time assessment. Both α-M and α-MM extended life spans of mice, while mice in the α-MM group reached a longer survival time.
EZH2si-DMC induces apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vivo
Antitumor mechanisms of EZH2si-DMC were studied by EZH2 staining, TUNEL and Ki67 staining. The EZH2si-DMC treatment group also showed that the expression of EZH2 was knocked down in tumors compared to DMC-Consi, DMC and NS as determined by EZH2 staining (). Furthermore, compared to other groups measured by TUNEL assay, the group treatment with EZH2si-DMC had a significant increase of apoptosis in the tumor cells (). In addition, EZH2si-DMC could inhibit proliferation of tumor cells. Treatment with EZH2si-DMC significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation compared to other groups as determined by Ki67 staining (). These results suggested that EZH2si-DMC induced apoptosis of glioma, inhibited glioma cell proliferation, thus causing the antitumor effects observed in this study.
Figure 9 EZH2 expression detection in vivo.
Notes: (A) Intracerebral glioma was seen by using fluorescence markers. Tumor was inhibited more effectively by DMC-EZH2si complex, compared with other groups. (B) Life survival time assessment. DMC-EZH2si complex extended life spans of mice. The EZH2 expression of NS (A), DMC (B) and DMC-Consi (C) were higher than DMC-EZH2si (D). Results indicated that the EZH2 was successfully knocked down by the DMC-EZH2si complex.
Figure 10 Cell proliferation detection.
Notes: (A) Cell proliferation was assessed by counting the number of Ki67-positive cells in the field (five high power fields per slide). (B) Mean cell proliferation every five fields was added. EZH2si-DMC was superior to other controls in inhibiting cell proliferation. EZH2si-DMC significantly inhibited cell proliferation. *P<0.01, EZH2si-DMC versus NS, DMC, Consi-DMC.
Figure 11 Cell apoptosis detection.
Notes: (A) Cell apoptosis was assessed by counting the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the field (five high power fields per slide), and EZH2si-DMC was superior to other controls in increasing cell apoptosis. (B) Mean apoptosis rate every five fields. EZH2si-DMC significantly increased apoptosis (*P<0.01, EZH2si-DMC vs NS, DMC and Consi-DMC).
EZH2si-DMC has no toxicity
Tissue sections from internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were stained with HE and examined under a microscope. As shown in , tissue sections of vital organs showed normal histomorphology in all groups. Furthermore, the blood was collected from mice for BRT and BBT ( and ). As demonstrated, no obvious toxicity was found in groups treated with EZH2si-DMC complexes.
Discussion
Many gene mutations could cause cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor immunogenic abnormality and metastasis, leading to human tumorigenesis, which has been one of the greatest threats to human health.Citation19–Citation22 Although the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis becomes more and more profound, many malignant tumors are still resistant to traditional therapies. Recently, the definition of tumor-related genetic mutations has increased interest in cancer therapy and become the target of gene therapy.Citation23–Citation25
A series of evidence suggests that EZH2 overexpression plays an important role in the development of tumors. Early studies have shown that overexpression of EZH2 is closely related to the malignant progression of prostate cancer. The same phenomenon has also been found in breast cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, glioma, etc.Citation26–Citation28 The study also found that EZH2 overexpression is closely related to tumor initiation, development, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. Therefore, downregulation of EZH2 could effectively inhibit tumor growth and proliferation.
There are many ways to inhibit EZH2 activity, for example, shRNA, siRNA and small molecule inhibitors. ShRNA is a plasmid system, and it is difficult to use non-viral vector to deliver it to cell as the low transfection efficiency. The transfection efficiency could be high through viral vector system, but the security is very worrying. Small molecule inhibitors are relatively hot in recent years, but its specificity is not better. So, the siRNA system is a better method, which is safe and reliable because it is easy to use non-viral vector for transfection. Therefore, siRNA was designed to downregulate EZH2 protein for glioma treatment based on the target of EZH2. First, three different target RNA sequences were designed to reduce the EZH2 protein level, and results showed that the third sequence of interference is most efficient. Then, the best siRNA was used in vivo to test the antiglioma effect. The results showed that siRNA/DMC could effectively inhibit the growth of glioma (EZH2si vs GS, EDMC and Consi/DMC, P<0.05). Therefore, the nanoparticle gene vector was used to transport EZH2 siRNA in this work.
The therapeutic expectation of gene therapy is considerable because it has great potential of treating cardiovascular disease and certain autoimmune diseases caused by genetic defects and abnormalities (such as cancer, AIDS).Citation29–Citation32 Gene transfer or transfection is the basic technique for researching gene function and protein expression in cells. Gene transfer is used for disease treatment, as it is intended to normalize the cells or even organs by introducing a gene encoding a functional protein into a cell to suppress a genetic disease.Citation33 Gene transmission is not only used to treat hereditary diseases but also for the production of a large number of secreted proteins for direct therapeutic applications or vaccine production.Citation34 It is well known that nucleic acids are difficult to pass directly through the plasma membrane because of the size and/or the physical and chemical properties, such as hydrophilicity. Various strategies have been developed for transporting nucleic acids, particularly genes. Ideal gene delivery and transfection systems should have high transfection efficiency and should be less toxic to cells and cell specific, while simultaneously handling heterogeneous systems with many different cells.
Although the virus system and physical methods aroused high attention by the researchers, they also have many shortcomings such as security.Citation35,Citation36 In order to overcome these shortcomings, various chemical transfection systems have been developed since the late 1960s, such as calcium phosphate, lipid and cationic polymers, including polyamide amine dendrimers and PEI, etc.Citation37,Citation38 The chemical gene delivery system is considered an alternative to viral gene vectors to avoid some of the problems associated with viral systems. In order to increase the efficiency of gene transfer and minimize the toxicity of these chemical transfection reagents, many great efforts such as regulating molecular structures and other features, including size, surface potential, have been made by the scientist.
In vitro, we successfully prepared a nanoparticle gene vector with a size of 50 nm and a potential of 36 mV. The siRNA was successfully encapsulated at a weight ratio of 50:1. Cell transfection experiments revealed that the vector was able to successfully transmit siRNA into glioma cells. The transfection efficiency was up to 95%. Therefore, the vector was used to transmit EZH2si, and it successfully knocked down the EZH2 from RT-PCR and Western blot tests.
In the previous study, EZH2 was proved to promote tumor cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis and promote tumor growth.Citation39 In this study, knockdown of EZH2 in vitro could effectively inhibit the proliferation of glioma cells and induce glioma cell apoptosis, which is consistent with the previous study. In addition, apoptosis-related protein expression was detected, and the result indicated that depression of EZH2 can upregulate the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and downregulate the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2, which promoted cell apoptosis.
Conclusion
In this study, in order to research the further antitumor activity of DMC-EZH2si in vivo, the glioma subcutaneous tumor model was treated with DMC-EZH2si. The result showed that the glioma tumor is the smallest in the DMC-EZH2si treatment group, indicating that DMC-EZH2si can effectively inhibit glioma growth in vivo. In addition, immunofluorescence experimental study found that DMC-EZH2si could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vivo to inhibit tumor growth. The results suggested that the DMC nanoparticle-mediated EZH2-siRNA may be a novel candidate for glioma therapy.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC81502165 and NSFC81402240).
Supplementary materials
Figure S1 RT-PCR and MTT test of cell activity.
Notes: When GL261 cells were transfected with DMC, Consi-DMC or EZH2si-DMC for 72 hours, EZH2 expression was tested by RT-PCR (A) and cell activity was tested by MTT test (B). (siEZH2-1:GGATACAGCCTGTGCACAT; siEZH2-2:GCTTTGGACAACAAGCCTT; siEZH2-3:GCAAATTCTCGGTGTCAAA).
Abbreviation: RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.
Figure S2 Toxicity assessment in vivo with pathological section.
Notes: Histological examinations of HE-stained (A) heart, (B) liver, (C) lung, (D) kidney, and (E) spleen. No significant pathological changes were detected. Scale bar is 50 µm.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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