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Review

Review of the Application of Nanovesicles and the Human Interstitial Fluid in Gastrointestinal Premalignant Lesion Detection, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy

, &
Pages 9469-9482 | Published online: 02 Dec 2019
 

Abstract

Premalignant lesions arise from cells that abnormally proliferate and have a tendency to become cancerous. Developing methods to specifically target and remove these premalignant lesions is imperative to the prevention of malignant progression into gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. However, accurate detection and diagnosis of GI precancerous lesions is challenging, as these lesions show little or no structural change. Thus, this prevents early intervention and reduces the success rate of therapy. In this review, we performed a systematic analysis of the technological advancements in the combined application of nanovesicles (NVs) and the human interstitial fluid (HIF) to specifically target GI premalignant lesions. NVs, which include quantum dots (QDs), are small membranous vehicles of a nanometer diameter that are widely used as drug delivery vectors, therapeutic effectors and diagnostic sensors. HIF is the fluid that is present in human interstitial tissues (HITs) in which signaling molecules and agents travel and can be found throughout the body. HIF is exploited by tumor cells for their invasion, migration and spread. Because the HITs span the entire submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, they have been increasingly targeted in GI tumor therapy. The challenges involved in the combined application of NVs and HIF in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of GI premalignant lesions are also discussed.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81660743 and 81860790).

Abbreviations

GI, gastrointestinal; NV(s), nanovesicle(s);NP(s), nanoparticle(s); QD(s), quantum dot(s); HIF, human interstitial fluid; HITs human interstitial tissues; TIF tumor interstitial fluid; nm, nanometers; TEXs, tumor derived exosomes; miRNAs, microRNAs; mRNAs, messenger RNAs; RES, reticuloendothelial system; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; NEP, nanochannel electroporation; DOX, doxorubicin; TPT, topotecan; μm, micrometer; TSLs, temperature-sensitive liposomes.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.