Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan Nanoparticles for Sustained Delivery of Docetaxel: Fabrication, Post-Formulation and Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation

Abstract

Introduction

Polymeric nanoparticles are potential carriers for the efficient delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs due to their multifaceted applications. Docetaxel is relatively less hydrophobic and twice as potent as paclitaxel. Like other taxane chemotherapeutic agents, docetaxel is not well tolerated and shows toxicity in the patients. Nanoencapsulation of potent chemotherapeutic agents has been shown to improve tolerability and therapeutic outcome. Therefore, the present study was designed to fabricate chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) based on ionically cross-linked nanoparticles for sustained release of docetaxel.

Methods

Nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic-gelation method by dropwise addition of the STPP solution into the chitosan solution in different ratios. CNPs were characterized for post-formulation parameters like size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, DSC/TGA, pXRD, and in-vitro drug release, as well as for acute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats.

Results and discussion

The optimized docetaxel loaded polymeric nanoparticles were in the size range (172.6nm–479.65 nm), and zeta potential (30.45–35.95 mV) required to achieve enhanced permeation and retention effect. In addition, scanning electron microscopy revealed rough and porous surface, whereas, FTIR revealed the compatible polymeric nanoparticles. Likewise, the thermal stability was ensured through DSC and TG analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis exhibited solid-state stability of the docetaxel loaded nanoparticles. The in-vitro drug release evaluation in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) showed sustained release pattern, i.e. 51.57–69.93% within 24 hrs. The data were fitted to different release kinetic models which showed Fickian diffusion as a predominant release mechanism (R²= 0.9734–0.9786, n= 0.264–0.340). Acceptable tolerability was exhibited by acute oral toxicity in rabbits and no abnormality was noted in growth, behavior, blood biochemistry or histology and function of vital organs.

Conclusion

Ionically cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles are non-toxic and biocompatible drug delivery systems for sustained release of chemotherapeutic agents, such as docetaxel.

Keywords:

• tripolyphosphate
• ionic gelation
• sustained release
• targeting
• biocompatible
• biodegradable

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Higher Education Commission for providing a research support grant under the Indigenous Scholarship Program. The authors are also thankful to Prof. Dr. Naveed Akhtar, Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, for excellent provision of research facilities, guidance and help to carry out the present research work.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.