Intraperitoneal injection of magnetic Fe₃O₄-nanoparticle induces hepatic and renal tissue injury via oxidative stress in mice

Abstract

Because of its unique magnetic properties, the iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticle has been widely exploited and its application in various fields has promised immense benefits. However, doubts exist over the use of Fe₃O₄-nanoparticles in human beings. Thus, the aim of the current study was to find out the potential safety range of medical use. Twenty-five Kunming mice were exposed to Fe₃O₄-nanoparticles via intraperitoneal injection daily for 1 week at doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Hepatic and renal tissues were sliced for physiological observation. Injuries were observed in the high-dose groups (20 and 40 mg/kg) compared with the control group (0 mg/kg). Biomarkers of reactive oxygen species, glutathione, malondialdehyde, DNA-protein crosslinks, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in the hepatic and renal tissues were detected. Injury to tissues and oxidative damage to cells at the molecular level was found. The safest dose recommended from the results of this study is 5 mg/kg, as we believe this to be an upper limit balancing the benefits and risks for sub-long-term exposure.

Keywords:

• Fe₃O₄-nanoparticles
• reactive oxygen species
• glutathione
• malondialdehyde
• DNA-protein crosslinks
• 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Professor Zhisong Lu (Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials Southwest University, Chongqing China) for his kind help. Xu Yang would also like to thank Edanz Editing China for their work on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

Disclosure

This work was supported by a project grant from the Chinese National Program for High Technology Research and Development (863 Program) (Grant No 2006AA03Z330) and Key Project of the Chinese National Program for Fundamental Research and Development (973 Program) (Grant No 2010CB933904). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors declare that no competing interests exist.