The role of community pharmacists in patient counseling and health education: a survey of their knowledge and level of involvement in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Purpose

The present study aimed at evaluating the knowledge and level of involvement of community pharmacists in the provision of patient counseling and health education services for patients with DM and perceived barriers that limit the delivery of such services.

Materials and methods

A self-administered questionnaire based-survey was undertaken from January to March, 2017 with 412 pharmacists working in community pharmacies in six cities of Amhara regional state of Ethiopia: Debre Markos, Gondar, Dessie, Bahir Dar, Woldya, and Debre Birhan. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Student’s t-test were employed to examine different variables.

Results

Community pharmacists were found to have poor knowledge and low level of involvement, with an overall mean score of 11.54 and 2.06, respectively. A significant number of community pharmacists never practiced promoting smoking cessation (45.2%), counseling on good foot care techniques (33.7%), and counseling on the potential impact of over–the-counter and herbal drugs on DM management (34%). On the other hand, describing the right time to administer antidiabetic medications (46%) and counseling on suitable administration, handling, and storage of insulin (33.7%) were done more frequently. The main reported barriers to the delivery of these services were lack of knowledge or clinical skills, lack of access to additional training programs, and lack of personnel or resources.

Conclusion

The present study revealed a poor knowledge and low level of involvement in counseling and health education services for patients with DM. Lack of knowledge or clinical skills was the most commonly reported barrier for providing such services. In order to better integrate community pharmacies into future public health programs and optimize the contribution of pharmacists, interventions should focus on overcoming the identified barriers.

Keywords:

• community pharmacy
• patient counseling
• diabetes mellitus
• Ethiopia

Introduction

DM is a chronic devastating disease that, regardless of recent advances in care and management, still precipitates substantial morbidity and long-term complications.¹ It is a growing chronic disease with expected global prevalence of more than 552 million by the year 2030.² In Ethiopia, the number of patients living with diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, with a national prevalence close to 6.5%.³ The high prevalence and the chronic nature of this disease make it imperative the need of diabetes disease state management. Many approaches are known to improve diabetes disease control including effective screening, management, regular monitoring, and consistent follow-up.⁴ The patients’ medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, and regular monitoring of blood glucose are some of the factors which contribute to better health outcome and can be significantly affected by health education and counseling.^5,6

One of the main goals of the agenda set by the WHO for the future of public health is to form accessible, multidisciplinary networks of public health professionals who actively engage within communities and provide key public health services, including screening and health promotion service for chronic diseases.¹ Community pharmacies, being one of the most easily accessible and widely distributed health professionals among the community, could be an indispensable component of this agenda. Community pharmacies’ location in the heart of the community provides a platform for more proactive contribution in solving gaps in programs including health promotion and a variety of preventive services.⁷

The role of community pharmacists is expanding globally from merely dispensing medication to involving in different public health services and playing a key role in disease state management.^8–12 Many studies conducted elsewhere in the globe demonstrate that pharmacist’s involvement in diabetes management resulted in reduced cost burden to the patient and improved overall treatment outcome and patient satisfaction.^13–16 However, there are a number of barriers that have hindered the provision of public health services in community pharmacy settings. Lack of knowledge and skills, lack of confidence and adequate training, lack of policies, poor recognition within the health care system, patients’ reluctance to use pharmacy services, and presence of inadequate number of pharmacy staff are some of the factors that can contribute to the low level of pharmacy services uptake and public health initiatives.¹⁷

Unlike the developed countries, community pharmacists in Ethiopia are not yet legally included as health care professionals within the public health workforce, and their role in providing public health services is yet to be recognized and endorsed by public health and other health care professionals. Rather, they tend to focus more on their traditional role of dispensing medication. The aim of the present study was to document the knowledge and level of involvement of community pharmacists in the provision of screening and health promotion services for patients with T2DM and the perceived barriers that limit their involvement in the delivery of such services.

Materials and methods

Study design, setting, and sampling

A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians practicing in CDROs of six selected cities of Amhara regional state (Debre Markos, Gondar, Dessie, Bahir Dar, Woldya, and Debre Birhan), the second most populous region among the nine regional states of Ethiopia. The region covers an area of 154,709 km², and the region is divided into 11 zones for administrative purpose.¹⁸ According to the recent report by Federal Ministry of Health’s Health Sector Development Program IV (2010–2015), there were a total of 661 active CDROs in the country at the end of 2010. As there is no available data on the proportion of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians currently practicing in each of the cities and regions, all of the consenting community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in the aforementioned cities were invited to participate in this survey. This study was approved by the ethical committee of University of Gondar, with a references number of SoP- UoG/0124/2017. Written informed consent from all participants was also gained before commencing the study. Participants’ information obtained was kept confidential.

The study tool

The questionnaire was created by modifying items in previously used instruments regarding the role of community pharmacists in management of diabetic status,^17,19 and items were thoroughly reviewed for relevance by a team of experts including experienced pharmacists and public health experts. The final study tool included three main parts. Part one contained questions regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents including age, sex, year of experience, and highest educational level attained. Part two included questions regarding the knowledge and level of involvement of community pharmacists toward screening and health promotion services for T2DM patients. Knowledge was assessed by a 20-item questionnaire adopted from the Michigan Diabetes Research Training Centre Diabetes Knowledge Test. The questions had only one “correct” answer, and 1 point was assigned for every correct answer. Using published literatures as a reference,^20,21 the overall score was subclassified into good knowledge (17–20), moderate knowledge (13–16), and poor knowledge (0–12). The level of involvement of community pharmacy professionals were assessed by a series of nine diabetic care service questions, and their level of response was scored as never, rarely, often, and always. The “always” choice was considered as good practice, and other choices were considered as negative practice. One score was given to each “always” option, and the practice score was calculated by adding the points accordingly. Respondent-perceived barriers in the delivery of such services were then assessed using Likert scale questions (0= not at all problematic to 5= extremely problematic) and included data on lack of knowledge or clinical skills, lack of personnel or resources, lack of clinical tools, lack of coordination with other health care professionals, lack of access to additional training programs, and lack of time.

Data analysis

The responses from each study site were manually entered into SPSS Inc. (Cary, NC, USA) version 21.0 and were double-checked for accuracy. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Student’s t-test were employed in order to examine different variables. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Result

Among 472 community pharmacists approached, 412 completed the survey, leading to a response rate of 87.3%. Among the respondents, 284 (68.9) were males, with a mean (with SD) age of 28.7±8.4 years. The characteristics of respondents and CDROs are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics of pharmacists and CDROs, Ethiopia, N=412

Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Mean age (years)	28.7±8.4 (SD)
Sex
Male	284 (68.9)
Female	128 (31.1)
Highest pharmacy degree achieved
Diploma	79 (19.2)
Bachelors (B.Pharm)	300 (72.8)
Postgraduate	33 (8)
Work experience in community pharmacy
≤5 years	251 (60.9)
>5 years	161 (39.1)
Practice region
Debre Markos	60 (14.6)
Gondar	71 (17.2)
Dessie	87 (21.1)
Bahir Dar	78 (18.9)
Woldya	61 (14.8)
Debre Birhan	55 (13.3)
Type of CDRO
Pharmacy	221 (53.6)
Drug store	126 (30.6)
Othersa	65 (15.8)
Average prescriptions filled per day
<250	168 (40.8%)
250–500	113 (27.4)
>500	131 (31.8)

Note:

a Others include pharmacy associated with supermarket and rural drug vendors.

Abbreviation: CDROs, community drug retail outlets.

Overall, community pharmacists were found to have poor knowledge and practice, with a mean knowledge score of 11.54 and mean practice score of 2.06. In fact, only 2.05% had good knowledge, 18% had fair knowledge, and 79.9% of them had poor knowledge as per the definition set in our study. Promoting smoking cessation and counseling on good foot care techniques was not at all practiced by 45.2% and 33.7% of community pharmacists, respectively. In addition, about 34% of pharmacists never practiced counseling on the potential impact of OTC and herbal drugs on diabetes management. Compared to other T2DM related counseling and health promotion services, describing the right time to administer antidiabetic medications and counseling about missed doses (46%) and regarding suitable administration, handling, and storage of insulin was done more frequently (33.7%) (Table 2).

Table 2 Levels of involvement of community pharmacists in counseling and health promotion services, Ethiopia, N=412

Diabetes care services	Total N (%)	Self-reported level of involvement
		Never (%)	Rarely (%)	Often (%)	Always (%)
Counseling on the appropriate administration, handling, and storage of insulin	389 (94.4)	112 (28.8%)	77 (19.8%)	69 (17.7%)	131 (33.7%)
Counseling on the causes, symptoms, and treatment of hypoglycemia	410 (99.5)	99 (24.1%)	126 (30.6%)	105 (25.6%)	80 (19.5%)
Counseling on matter of stress, tension, and other illness	412 (100)	59 (14.3%)	128 (31.1%)	110 (26.7%)	115 (27.9%)
Counseling on the impact of OTC and herbal drugs in diabetes management	389 (94.4)	101 (26%)	93 (23.9%)	76 (19.5%)	119 (30.6%)
Give education on the importance of continuous screening for nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy?	412 (100)	93(22.6%)	134 (32.5%)	116 (28.1%)	70 (17%)
Counseling on good foot care techniques?	389 (94.4)	131 (33.7%)	117 (30.1%)	78 (20%)	63 (16.2%)
Tell the importance of regular exercise, weight control, and diet in diabetes management	412 (100)	66 (16%)	98 (23.8%)	114 (27.7%)	134 (32.5%)
Promote smoking cessation (where applicable)	389 (94.4)	176 (45.2%)	71 (18.2%)	98 (25.2%)	44 (11.3%)
Describe the appropriate time to administer each oral antidiabetic drug and regarding missed oral antidiabetic dose	389 (94.4)	42 (10.8%)	94 (24.16%)	74 (19.02%)	179 (46.01%)

Abbreviation: OTC, over the counter.

Our analysis showed that there was a significant mean difference in knowledge of community pharmacists among different age groups, with pharmacists between 30 and 39 years old (mean =12.44) having higher knowledge than those between 18 and 29 years old (mean =10.89) (P=0.025). Similarly, females had higher mean knowledge (mean =12.32) than males (P=0.046) toward DM management. Regarding the level of involvement of community pharmacists, those with more than 5 years of work experience (mean =3.02, P=0.007) and with a postgraduate qualification (mean =3.78, P=0.007) had higher mean practice score than those with less than 5 years of work experience (mean =2.45) and with a diploma qualification (mean =1.98) (Table 3).

Table 3 Overall mean scores of community pharmacists on the knowledge and level of involvement in counseling and health promotion services for T2DM patients, Ethiopia, N=412

Variable		Total know score		Total practice score
		Mean	P-value	Mean	P-value
Sexa	Male	10.76	0.004b	2.98	0.951
	Female	12.32		2.66
Age(years)c	18–29	10.89	0.030b	2.22	0.090
	30–39	12.44		3.02
	40–49	11.08		2.44
	50–59	10.98		3.03
	≥60	9.69		3.76
Work experiencea	≤5 years	9.87	0.186	2.45	0.007b
	>5 years	13.21		3.02
Highest degree achievedc	Diploma (D.Pharm)	10.63	0.028b	1.98	0.007b
	Bachelors (B.Pharm)	12.78		2.32
	Postgraduation (MSc)	13.24		3.78

Note:

a Independent t-test performed;

b statistically significant difference;

c one-way ANOVA employed.

Perceived barriers to the provision of counseling and health promotion services

As shown in Table 4, lack of knowledge or clinical skills was the most commonly reported barrier for delivering counseling and health promotion services in the pharmacy, followed by lack of access to additional training programs. Two items, lack of personnel or resources and lack of access to additional training program, were more commonly perceived as serious problems in drug stores than in pharmacies (P-value<0.05).

Table 4 Perceived barriers to the provision of counseling and health promotion services in CDROs (mean) (Likert scale: 0= not at all problematic to 5= extremely problematic), N=412

Perceived barriers	Type of CDROs		Total	P-value
	Drug store	Pharmacy
Lack of knowledge or clinical skills	4.32	4.03	4.17	<0.031
Lack of personnel or resources	4.11	3.54	3.82	0.412
Lack of clinical tools	3.63	3.12	3.37	0.026
Lack of coordination with other health care professionals	3.54	3.97	3.75	0.043
Lack of access to additional training programs	4.07	3.89	3.98	<0.012
Lack of time	3.91	3.06	3.48	0.234
Patients are not interested in preventive activities	3.29	2.65	2.97	0.129

Abbreviation: CDROs, community drug retail outlets.

Discussion

Community pharmacists can play a crucial role in diabetes management through regular screening, evaluation, health education, and referral.²¹ Since chronically ill patients visit pharmacies more frequently for their medicine refill, this is an ideal opportunity for the pharmacists to counsel and educate the patient regarding his/her condition more efficiently. In order to perform this, the community pharmacists need to have adequate knowledge about DM and its management as it is an important prerequisite for the provision of correct and adequate information for patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey to explore the knowledge and level of involvement of community pharmacists in counseling and health promotion services for T2DM patients in Ethiopia.

The majority of the respondents (79.9%) in our study had poor knowledge on diabetes management, which corroborates with the findings of similar studies conducted in Nepal (76.5%),²² Libya (69.6%),²³ and Qatar (60%).²⁴ The reasons of poor level of knowledge could be due to absence of enduring training and education for community pharmacists regarding chronic disease management, including DM, which has been shown to improve the pharmacist’s knowledge and practice.²⁵ Overall, community pharmacists in our study were less intensely engaged in the provision of counseling and health promotion services for T2DM patients. Although the beneficial effect of involving community pharmacists in DM and other chronic conditions has been confirmed in different clinical trials,²⁶ it is apparent from our study that community pharmacists’ involvement in Ethiopia is severely limited. Many other studies conducted elsewhere also showed that community pharmacists are mostly involved in activities pertaining to the dispensing of medications and have less intense involvement in public health activities.²⁷ This is due to the narrow scope of Ethiopian community pharmacists as they are largely restricted to the dispensing of medications and seldom provide screening and counseling services on chronic diseases. While some community pharmacies are offering pharmaceutical care to chronically ill patients, the role is still in its infant stage. Their responsibilities in chronic disease state management and health promotion should be further developed to successfully tap their invaluable contribution to patient care. In Ethiopia, there are no appropriate counseling guidelines available for community pharmacists about diabetes disease management. Interestingly, a higher rate of counseling was reported on the appropriate administration, handling, and storage of insulin, and this was reflected in our study results. In contrast, studies done elsewhere reported a very low counseling rate.^28,29 The ANOVA and post hoc tests indicated that respondents between the age of 30 and 39 years old had higher knowledge than those between 18 and 29 years old. Similarly, respondents with more than 5 years of work experience and with a postgraduate qualification had higher mean practice score than those with less than 5 years of work experience and with a diploma qualification. This is expected as community pharmacists become more experienced through years of practice, and so they will acquire a comparably good knowledge and ultimately a higher level of involvement toward counseling and health promotion services.

In our study, lack of knowledge or clinical skills was the most commonly reported barrier to expanding public health service delivery in the pharmacy; this was followed by lack of access to additional training programs. Studies conducted elsewhere in the globe have also documented important barriers including lack of time and personnel, lack of clinical skills, and lack of tools.¹⁷ Providing specific trainings that will fill the knowledge and skill gap required for the provision of such services is recommended both in academia and practice settings as it will result in the delivery of such services in a better and more skillful way than ever before. In order to better integrate community drug retail outlets into future disease state management programs and optimize the contribution of community pharmacy professionals, interventions should focus on overcoming the identified barriers, which starts from restructuring the health care system in order to integrate community pharmacists into the provision of a variety of diabetic care services that will ultimately improve the patients’ overall health outcome. Follow-up studies seeking their extent of involvement in diabetic care services on a national scale may also be needed to identify more barriers.

Limitations

This survey highlights an area of pharmacy practice where there is lack of literature. Yet, the survey has some limitations that should be taken into account while interpreting the results. As the study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted in only six cities of Amhara regional state, caution should be exercised when generalizing to other cities and regions in Ethiopia. Moreover, our use of a self-administered questionnaire, which depends on honesty and faith of the respondents, could affect the responses as it may be subjected to social desirability bias. Even with the above limitations, this survey has significant implications for improving the involvement of community pharmacies in disease state management for patients with T2DM.

Conclusion

Community pharmacy professionals in our study had a poor knowledge and demonstrated a lower level of involvement in counseling and health promotion services for patients with T2DM patients Provision of advanced training and continuous education for community pharmacists, including regarding management of diabetes disease status, is recommended. Standard guidelines about diabetes care, counseling, and management also need to be distributed and implemented throughout the community pharmacies. Furthermore, continuous supervision and assessments with regard to the implementation of such guidelines are crucial in order to improve the level of involvement and optimize the contribution of community pharmacists.

Author contributions

All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

List of abbreviations

ANOV	=	Aanalysis of variance
CDROs	=	community drug retail outlets
DM	=	diabetes mellitus
OTC	=	over the counter
SD	=	standard deviation
SPSS	=	Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
T2D	=	type 2 diabetes mellitus
WHO	=	World Health Organization

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of the School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, in facilitating the data collection process. The authors are also thankful for the data collectors from all cities and for those pharmacists who took part in this study.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.