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Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most serious of all allergic reactions and can be fatal. The diagnosis is frequently delayed, and misdiagnosis often occurs with asthma or urticaria. Biomarkers such as tryptase are not routinely checked, and appropriate treatment with epinephrine is not administered in a majority of cases, increasing the risk of poor outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis with a description of phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers available in both the clinical and research settings. Expanding knowledge with regard to the presentation, causes, and triggers for anaphylaxis among health care providers will improve its diagnosis and management, increase patient safety, and decrease morbidity and mortality.
Acknowledgments
The authors did not receive compensation nor was the content of the article influenced in any way. Adamis Pharmaceuticals paid publication fees for the articles in this special issue on anaphylaxis.
Disclosure
Dr Teodorikez Wilfox Jimenez-Rodriguez has received grants from the Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, the Valencian Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, and the Medical Association of Alicante, Spain.
Marlene Garcia-Neuer reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
Leila A Alenazy has been sponsored by the College of Medicine Research Center, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University.
Dr Mariana Castells has received consultancy fees from Sanofi, Genentech, Lytix Biopharma, Bentham Science, and UpToDate. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.