https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-2346
Abstract
Purpose
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a predominantly type 2 inflammatory disease with a high symptom burden. Data are lacking on the comparative health status of patients with CRSwNP. This analysis compared baseline physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and overall health status of patients with severe CRSwNP enrolled in a Phase 3 clinical trial with general population norms and with other chronic diseases.
Methods
In this post hoc cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the SINUS-24 study (NCT02912468), HRQoL was measured using the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) questionnaire and general health status was measured using the EuroQol-5 Dimension visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). Analyses included the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and subgroups defined by prior sinonasal surgery, systemic corticosteroid use, and coexisting asthma or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (NSAID-ERD). Scores were compared with published values for population norms (50 for SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS), 70.4−83.3 for EQ-VAS) and for rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma.
Results
In the ITT population (n=276), mean SF-36 physical component summary (PCS), SF-36 mental component summary (MCS), and EQ-VAS scores were below general population norms (46.4, 48.6, and 66.0, respectively). Mean SF-36 PCS and EQ-VAS scores were below population norms across all subgroups; mean SF-36 MCS scores were below the population norm in all subgroups except no prior surgery. SF-36 PCS and MCS scores from SINUS-24 were generally similar to other chronic diseases, except SF-36 PCS which was lower in rheumatoid arthritis. EQ-VAS scores in SINUS-24 were lower than in other chronic diseases. HRQoL scores weakly correlated with objective measures of disease severity.
Conclusion
In patients with severe CRSwNP, including those with coexisting asthma/NSAID-ERD, HRQoL was worse than population norms and as burdensome as diseases such as type 2 diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Graphical Abstract
Plain Language Summary
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) affects 1–4% of the US population. The main symptoms are blocked and runny nose and loss of smell. Many people with CRSwNP suffer these and other symptoms continually and this badly affects their everyday lives; they may find it difficult to sleep, go to work, and enjoy social activities. The researchers in this study wanted to know how the quality of life (QoL) of people with CRSwNP compares with (1) the general population and (2) other common long-lasting diseases. The study involved 276 patients with severe CRSwNP (disease not controlled by standard treatments). Patients completed questionnaires about different aspects of their QoL – physical aspects (e.g., pain and ability to be active), mental aspects (e.g., emotion and mental health), and general well-being. The results showed firstly that the patients had worse QoL (physical and mental) than the general population. Secondly, the impact on QoL was similar to that of people with asthma, diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis. New treatments that effectively reduce the symptoms of CRSwNP should also improve the QoL of people with CRSwNP.
Introduction
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a predominantly type 2-mediated inflammatory disease of the sinuses.Citation1 The symptoms of CRSwNP negatively impact patients’ physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL)Citation1–3 and productivity.Citation2 Patients with CRSwNP report nasal congestion (NC), loss of smell (LoS), and rhinorrhea among their most troublesome and severe symptoms.Citation4 A real-life study found that around half of patients with CRS experience symptoms daily and have uncontrolled disease despite standard of care.Citation5 Consequently, patients with CRSwNP often become frustrated with their symptoms, particularly LoS.Citation6–8 Patients with CRSwNP experience a high clinical burden,Citation1–3 associated with a greater number of physician visits, comorbidities, and increased healthcare costs than the general population.Citation9 The annual US healthcare cost of CRSwNP is estimated to be $5.7 billion.Citation9
Type 2 inflammation is central to multiple diseases, including CRSwNP, asthma, allergic rhinitis,Citation10 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (NSAID-ERD).Citation3 Up to 87% of patients with CRSwNP have type 2-mediated diseaseCitation11 and frequently have other coexisting type 2 inflammatory diseases, leading to greater disease burden and HRQoL impairment.Citation10 Previous studies have shown that patients with CRSwNP have significantly lower physical and mental HRQoL scores compared with population norms.Citation2,Citation12 The reduced HRQoL observed in patients with CRSwNP is comparable to that of other chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and diabetes.Citation2
Dupilumab is a fully human VelocImmune®-derived monoclonal antibody that blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which are key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation in CRSwNP and other diseases.Citation13–15 In the Phase 3 SINUS-24 (NCT02912468) and SINUS-52 (NCT02898454) studies, dupilumab added to standard of care significantly improved endoscopic nasal polyp score (NPS) and patient-reported nasal congestion/obstruction (NC) scores compared with placebo in patients with severe CRSwNP.Citation16 A subsequent post hoc analysis of the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 study populations showed that dupilumab treatment significantly improved disease-specific HRQoL and general health status.Citation17 Disease-specific HRQoL was also improved with dupilumab in patients from the SINUS studies who had clinical features of obstructive pulmonary disease.Citation18
The SINUS study populations had severe, uncontrolled disease at baseline despite standard of care,Citation19 and a substantial proportion of participants had coexisting asthma and/or NSAID-ERD. There is a paucity of recent data on the comparative health status in such patients, which would allow comparisons with other diseases. In SINUS-24, physical and mental HRQoL was evaluated using the 36-item Short Form questionnaire version 2 (SF-36 V2). SF-36 was captured only at baseline and was not assessed over the study period.Citation20 Improvement on SF-36 with dupilumab treatment was observed in a previous proof of concept study.Citation21 Overall health status was assessed with the EuroQoL-5 Dimension visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). The aim of this analysis was to compare baseline results for HRQoL and overall health status of patients with severe CRSwNP, pooling data randomized in placebo and dupilumab groups from SINUS-24, with general population norms for these scales and data from other chronic diseases. A second aim was to evaluate correlations between SF-36 scores and CRSwNP disease characteristics and general health status at baseline, to determine if use of a disease-specific HRQoL measure would provide a good assessment of general HRQoL. This is the first study reporting the health status of patients from a Phase 3 study for the assessment of biologics in CRSwNP.
Methods
This was a post hoc cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from patients enrolled in the SINUS-24 study;Citation16 dupilumab treatment effects were not assessed. HRQoL was measured using the SF-36 V2.Citation22 SF-36 is a self-reported measure of health and wellbeing with a recall period of 4 weeks, from which 8 domains (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health), and 2 component summary scores (physical component score [PCS] and mental component score [MCS]) can be derived.Citation23–26 SF-36 PCS and MCS scores range from 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating worse HRQoL. Health status was measured using the EQ-VAS (range 0–100), a standardized measure assessing patient-reported health state on the day of assessment.Citation27 It is one component of the EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire, a simple measure for clinical and economic appraisal.Citation28 Lower EQ-VAS scores indicate worse HRQoL. EQ-VAS scores were derived from reported values.
Analyses were conducted in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and in patient subgroups: with/without prior nasal polyps (NP) surgery; previous systemic corticosteroid (SCS) use (within the last 2 years) and prior surgery, or previous SCS use and no prior NP surgery; with/without coexisting asthma; with/without coexisting NSAID-ERD, and with/without anosmia (anosmia being defined by a score <19 on University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT]). Results were compared with population norms (SF-36 [USA] 50;Citation29 international EQ-VAS scores which ranged from 70.4 to 83.3).Citation30 SF-36 and EQ-VAS scores from SINUS-24 were also compared with published scores for rheumatoid arthritis (PCS 32.5, MCS 55.6, EQ-VAS 75.5), type 2 diabetes (PCS 46.5, MCS 50.8, EQ-VAS 75.9), and asthma (PCS 45.5, MCS 48.6, EQ-VAS 76.3).Citation24–26,Citation31 The published SF-36 scores were determined for rheumatoid arthritis in Norwegian patients with late-stage disease according to duration (>3 to <20 years), for type 2 diabetes in a nationwide cross-section of patients from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, and for asthma in patients with asthma (any severity) enrolled in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.Citation24–26 The published EQ-VAS scores for rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma were determined using data from US patients with any level of disease severity.Citation31 The purpose of these analyses was to investigate comparative disease burden of patients with CRSwNP in SINUS-24 relative to population norms and to rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma; all comparisons are descriptive and no statistical testing was performed.
Associations between SF-36 scores and CRSwNP disease characteristics (NPS, NC, Lund-Mackay computed tomography [LMK-CT], UPSIT, total symptom score, daily loss of smell [LoS], the 22-item CRSwNP-specific HRQoL instrument Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22 – total score and individual scores for the ear/facial, emotion, function, nasal, and sleep domains],Citation32 and Rhinosinusitis visual analog scale) and general health status (EQ-VAS) at baseline were determined using Spearman correlation. Correlation coefficients were interpreted as follows: 0 to <0.2 = very weak, 0.2 to <0.4 = weak, 0.4 to <0.6 = moderate, 0.6 to <0.8 = strong, and 0.8 to 1.0 = very strong.Citation33
Results
Overall Population
There were 276 patients in the ITT population from the SINUS-24 study. The cohort was representative of a population with severe CRSwNP, including 72% of patients with prior sinonasal surgery, 38% with prior sinonasal surgery and SCS use in the preceding 2 years, 58% with coexisting asthma, 30% with coexisting NSAID-ERD, and 76% with anosmia ().
Table 1 Demographics and Baseline Disease Characteristics in the SINUS-24 Study (ITT Population)
Mean SF-36 PCS and MCS scores in the overall population were 46.4 and 48.6, which are below the population norms of 50 for each summary scale (). Mean EQ-VAS score was 66.0, which is below the range of published population norm scores, which ranged between 70.4 and 83.3. Comparison with EQ-VAS scores for other chronic diseases showed that patients in SINUS-24 had lower scores than patients with rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma (). SF-36 PCS and MCS scores in SINUS-24 were similar to scores for other chronic diseases, except for SF-36 PCS in rheumatoid arthritis which was markedly lower (32.5).
Table 2 SF-36 and EQ-VAS Scores of Patients with Severe CRSwNP in SINUS-24 (ITT Population)
Figure 1 SF-36 and EQ-VAS scores for patients with CRSwNP from SINUS-24 vs patients with other chronic diseases [references: SF-36;Citation24–26 EQ-VASCitation31].
![Figure 1 SF-36 and EQ-VAS scores for patients with CRSwNP from SINUS-24 vs patients with other chronic diseases [references: SF-36;Citation24–26 EQ-VASCitation31].](/cms/asset/2a979149-764e-486b-8a0c-d5843c286448/djaa_a_12156503_f0001_c.jpg)
Subgroups
There were 161 patients (58.3%) with CRSwNP and coexisting asthma. Mean SF-36 PCS and MCS scores in the asthma subgroup were 44.5 and 48.1, which are below the population norms of 50 for each summary scale (). Mean EQ-VAS score in the asthma subgroup was 64.8, which is below the range of published population norm scores. Comparison of EQ-VAS score in the asthma subgroup with other chronic diseases, based on the selected publications, showed that patients in SINUS-24 with CRSwNP and coexisting asthma had lower scores than patients with rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma. HRQoL and general health status scores in the subgroup with NSAID-ERD (n=84) were marginally worse than the subgroup with coexisting asthma (44.4, 48.1, and 63.9 for SF-36 PCS, SF-36 MCS, and EQ-VAS, respectively).
In the subgroup with anosmia (n=208), HRQoL and general health status were impacted to a similar degree as in the subgroup with coexisting asthma; with mean SF-36 PCS, SF-36 MCS, and EQ-VAS scores of 45.4, 48.3, and 63.9, respectively (). The subgroups with prior surgery (n=198), and with previous SCS and prior surgery (n=106) also had HRQoL and general health status scores below population norms.
Associations Between Scores and Disease Characteristics
In the SINUS-24 study, the SF-36 component summary scores were moderately (PCS) and weakly (MCS) correlated with EQ-VAS score (). SF-36 scores, both MCS and PCS, generally correlated very weakly with objective measures of disease severity (NPS, LMK-CT, and UPSIT) (). This was also true for most of the patient-reported clinical measures, including NC, LoS, total symptom score, and Rhinosinusitis VAS. The exception was SNOT-22, where there were moderate correlations with SNOT-22 total score for both the SF-36 MCS and PCS. Individual SNOT-22 domains showed moderate correlations with SF-36; correlation was higher between SF-36 MCS and the SNOT-22 emotional domain.
Table 3 Association Between SF-36 PCS and MCS and Clinical and PRO Measures at Baseline in SINUS-24 (Overall Study Population)
Discussion
SF-36 is the most common tool for assessing impact on general HRQoL, which provides insights into the overall health burden of patients and allows comparisons with other diseases. This analysis found that patients with severe CRSwNP had worse physical and mental HRQoL than the general population. General health status (EQ-VAS) in SINUS-24 was worse than the population norms and other chronic diseases perceived to be of higher burden. The assessment based on SF-36 showed that the burden was as bad as, if not worse than, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and asthma. The subgroups of patients with previous NP surgery (with/without prior SCS use), or with coexisting asthma/NSAID-ERD, or with anosmia, had similar scores to the overall study population, indicating that the reduced HRQoL observed was not limited to those with comorbidities or prior surgery, often considered as markers of disease severity. These findings add to those of previous studies showing that patients with CRSwNP have impaired physical and mental HRQoL, and may be more generalizable as the study population analyzed here was global, not limited to one institution or region as in previous studies,Citation2,Citation12,Citation34 and was assessed using the updated SF-36 scale (SF-36 V2).
General health status (EQ-VAS) score correlated with the scores for the SF-36 PCS (moderate correlation) and MCS (weak correlation), suggesting that a simple measure of health should signal the impact on both mental and physical aspects of the patient’s HRQoL burden. The generally very weak correlations observed between subjective assessment of burden and objective clinical measures of CRSwNP have been reported previously,Citation35–37 and highlighting the importance of a holistic assessment of a patient’s burden and that a disease considered “mild” based on clinical parameters may not belie the huge impact on patient emotional health. The strongest correlations were observed between SF-36 and the CRSwNP-specific HRQoL instrument SNOT-22. These correlations were observed between both the Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Component Summary scores with the SNOT-22 total score and all five domains, indicating that use of a disease-specific HRQoL measure, such as SNOT-22, would provide a good assessment of general HRQoL.
Reduced HRQoL may result from the myriad of symptoms associated with severe disease and its common comorbidities as well as from under-recognized humanistic and economic impacts of living with such disease on a daily basis.Citation2 Separate assessment of a patient’s HRQoL is vital because clinical measures do not show HRQoL impact. The present findings suggest that SNOT-22 and EQ-VAS may be sufficient to elucidate disease-specific and general HRQoL impact, respectively. Finally, it is clear from these results that the negative impact on HRQoL in patients with severe CRSwNP is of a similar magnitude to that seen in other common chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and asthma.
Abbreviations
CRSwNP, Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; EQ-VAS, EuroQoL-5 Dimension visual analog scale; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; ITT, intention-to-treat; LMK-CT, Lund-Mackay computed tomography; LoS, daily loss of smell; MCS, mental component summary; NC, nasal congestion; NP, nasal polyps; NPS, nasal polyp score; NSAID-ERD, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease; PCS, physical component summary; SCS, systemic corticosteroid; SF-36 V2, 36-item Short Form questionnaire version 2; SNOT-22, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.
Data Sharing Statement
Qualified researchers may request access to data and related study documents. Patient level data will be anonymized, and study documents will be redacted to protect the privacy of trial patients. Further details on Sanofi’s data sharing criteria, eligible studies, and process for requesting access can be found at: https://www.vivli.org/.
Ethics Approval and Informed Consent
The SINUS-24 study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the local institutional review board or ethics committee at each study site (see Table S1), and all patients provided written informed consent.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
JFM reports research grants, speaker fees, and advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi, speaker fees and advisory board membership from Boehringer Ingelheim, research grants and advisory board membership from GlaxoSmithKline, speaker fees from Menarini and Uriach, and advisory board membership from Merck Sharpe & Dohme. AHK, JM, C-CC, PJR, and JAJ-N are employees and may hold stock and/or stock options in Sanofi. CP reports advisory board membership and/or consultancy fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Guidepoint, M3 Global Research, Olympus, Sanofi, and Stryker, receiving grants from the Bernice Bibby Research Trust, NIHR, Rosetrees Trust, Royal College of Surgeons, and Sir Jules Thorn Trust, and is a trustee of Fifth Sense. PWH reports advisory board membership of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi. CH reports advisory board membership from GlaxoSmithKline, OptiNose, Sanofi, and Smith & Nephew. MW is a member of national and international scientific advisory board (consulting), has received fees for lectures, grants for research projects from ALK-Abelló A/S, Allakos, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, HAL, Meda Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Otonomy, Inc., Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Stallergenes Greer, Strekin AG, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. SS is a former employee and may hold stock and/or stock options in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. SN, SK, and YD are employees and may hold stock and/or stock options in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
Acknowledgments
Research sponsored by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02912468 (SINUS-24). Medical writing/editorial assistance provided by Dorothy Keine, PhD and Adelphi Group, funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. The authors thank Christine Taniou and Carole Mercier, analysts from Aixial, Boulogne-Billancourt, France, funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. The abstract of this paper was presented at the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) 2021 Annual Meeting as a poster presentation with interim findings. The poster’s abstract was published in “Poster Abstracts” in J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021;147(2):AB133. Abstract 425. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.485
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References
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