The prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, and its predisposing factors, in patients with sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Introduction

High white blood cell (WBC) count is an indicator of sickle cell disease (SCD) severity, however, there are limited studies on WBC counts in Saudi Arabian patients with SCD. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count (either low or high) and identify factors associated with high WBC counts in a sample of Saudi patients with SCD.

Methods

A cross-sectional and retrospective chart review study was carried out on 290 SCD patients who were routinely treated at King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. An interview was conducted to assess clinical presentations, and we reviewed patient charts to collect data on blood test parameters for the previous 6 months.

Results

Almost half (131 [45.2%]) of the sample had abnormal leukocyte counts: low WBC counts 15 (5.2%) and high 116 (40%). High WBC counts were associated with shortness of breath (P=0.022), tiredness (P=0.039), swelling in hands/feet (P=0.020), and back pain (P=0.007). The mean hemoglobin was higher in patients with normal WBC counts (P=0.024), while the mean hemoglobin S was high in patients with high WBC counts (P=0.003). After adjustment for potential confounders, predictors of high WBC counts were male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.63) and patients with cough (aOR=2.18), low hemoglobin (aOR=0.76), and low heart rate (aOR=0.97).

Conclusion

Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients assessed in this sample. Male gender, cough, low hemoglobin, and low heart rate were associated with high WBC count. Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus could be beneficial for SCD patients.

Keywords:

• white blood cell
• leukocyte
• SCD
• Saudi
• hemoglobin
• low heart rate
• Saudi Arabia

Introduction

White blood cell (WBC) or leukocyte count is a blood test used to detect a range of blood disorders, evaluate the severity of various underlying diseases, and at times predict the risk of death.^1–7 Several previous reports revealed a possible association between WBCs and severity of sickle cell disease (SCD).^7–10 Buchanan and Glader¹¹ reported that WBC counts were significantly increased during serious bacterial infection and vaso-occlusive crisis among children with SCD.

Litos et al¹⁰ found that SCD patients who developed complications had higher WBC counts than asymptomatic SCD patients.¹⁰ WBC count was found to be an accurate test for detecting acute chest syndrome in SCD patients who attended an emergency department (ED) with pain crises.¹² Castro et al¹³ noted that WBC count was associated with acute chest syndrome in patients with SCD. Liem et al¹⁴ reported SCD patients with acute chest syndrome had a higher WBC count compared to controls.

Evidence was found that a high level of WBC count is recognized as a major risk factor for hospital admission and frequent ED visits.^15,16 Olatunji and Davies¹⁵ documented that patients with particularly high levels of WBCs had frequent hospital admission. Recently, Curtis et al¹⁶ found that an elevated WBC count was associated with high risk of frequent ED visits.

The evidence of the association between WBC and the severity of SCD mainly comes from epidemiological studies in Western countries; however, these findings may not be generalizable to SCD patients in non-Western countries. For better understanding, the role of WBCs in SCD severity should be assessed in various SCD populations worldwide, particularly in non-Western countries.

Studies in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia reported high WBC counts in Saudi children with SCD and acute chest syndrome,^17,18 and another study assessed SCD complications in Saudi adults with SCD, revealing high WBC levels with a mean of 12.7×10⁹ cells/L.¹⁹ Despite clear evidence that WBC was found to be associated with complications and poor prognosis in SCD patients, no study in the Saudi SCD population has been found to assess the prevalence of high WBCs and SCD severity or complications. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of abnormal WBCs (low or high) and identify the predictors of high WBCs in a sample of Saudis with SCD, and severity of SCD. We hypothesize that SCD symptoms and complications may be associated with high WBCs in Saudi patients with SCD.

Methods

Cross-sectional and retrospective designs were used to recruit and review medical charts of Saudi patients with SCD (age ≥2 years) who attended the outpatient clinic at King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf, Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia, for routine health assessment. Four hundred SCD patients attended King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf for routine assessment during the study period between October 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017. Of those, 290 consented and enrolled in the study, with a response rate of 72.5%.

The study included two stages: structured interview by a hematologist, and a chart review covering the previous 6 months for each patient. The interview took 10 to 15 min and the patients were asked to report whether they had fever, shortness of breath, cough, tiredness, wheezing, skin redness, swelling in hands/feet, blood transfusion, itching, and frequent (≥3) ED visits during the previous 6 months. Participants were asked whether they experienced frequent pain in the previous 6 months. Those who responded that they “experienced frequent pain” were asked to specify the pain site: back, arm, leg, and/or chest. Participants were allowed to select more than one pain site. If the participants were aged between 2 and 17 years, pain history was assessed by the child and/or the parents.

The medical chart of each patient was reviewed for the previous 6 months. We collected data on heart rate and blood tests. The blood tests included: hemoglobin, hemoglobin F, hemoglobin A2, hemoglobin S, and the WBC count. In case of multiple readings, the most recent reading was extracted. The WBC counts were assessed by automated blood cell counters (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) and cell counts were expressed in 10⁹ cells/L. In order to estimate the prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, we categorized leukocyte count into three groups: low <4×10⁹ cells/L (low WBC count referred to a leukopenia), normal 4–11×10⁹ cells/L, and high >11×10⁹ cells/L (high WBC count referred to a leukocytosis). The normal WBC range (4–11×10⁹ cells/L) was applied to all age groups. For the purpose of multivariate analysis, patients with low WBC counts were excluded to identify the independent predictors of high WBC counts.

Statistical analysis

The analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The sample characteristics were presented as percentages for non-numerical variables (Table 1) and counts and means and SDs for numerical variables (Table 2). We estimated the prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count (either low or high) using the percentage and 95% CIs. For subgroup analyses we used a chi-square test to assess the association between WBC groups and non-numerical variables (Table 1). For subgroup analyses we used the ANOVA test to assess the association between WBC groups and numerical variables (Table 2). In the adjusted analysis, we only considered high vs. normal WBC counts. Multiple-binary logistic regression was used to identify the independent factors associated with high WBC counts (Table 3). The aOR and 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of the relationship. The significant levels criterion was P<0.05 in all analyses.

Table 1 WBC count and its relation to sample characteristics in SCD patients

Characteristics	Levels	Overall N=290		Low <4 15 (5.2%)		Normal 4–11 159 (54.8%)		P-value
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender	Female	131	45.2	7	5.3	81	61.8	0.073
	Male	159	54.8	8	5.0	78	49.1
Age, years	<25	99	35.1	5	5.1	57	57.6	0.397
	25–36	123	43.6	6	4.9	66	53.7
	>36	60	21.3	2	3.3	32	53.3
Fever	No	133	46.7	6	4.5	78	58.6	0.573
	Yes	152	53.3	9	5.9	80	52.6
Cough	No	152	52.4	9	5.9	91	59.9	0.105
	Yes	138	47.6	6	4.3	68	49.3
Shortness of breath	No	152	52.4	6	3.9	95	62.5	0.022*
	Yes	138	47.6	9	6.5	64	46.4
Wheezing	No	232	82.6	15	6.5	126	54.3	0.186
	Yes	49	17.4	0	0.0	28	57.1
Tiredness	No	84	29.1	2	2.4	56	66.7	0.029*
	Yes	205	70.9	13	6.3	103	50.2
Swelling in hands/feet	No	200	69.9	7	3.5	119	59.5	0.020*
	Yes	86	30.1	8	9.3	38	44.2
Redness	No	253	87.5	12	4.7	140	55.3	0.661
	Yes	36	12.5	3	8.3	19	52.8
Itching	No	208	72.7	12	5.8	118	56.7	0.292
	Yes	78	27.3	3	3.8	38	48.7
Blood transfusion	No	196	67.6	10	5.1	104	53.1	0.651
	Yes	94	32.4	5	5.3	55	58.5
Back pain	No	104	35.9	7	6.7	68	65.4	0.007*
	Yes	186	64.1	8	4.3	91	48.9
Leg pain	No	72	24.8	3	4.2	32	44.4	0.075
	Yes	218	75.2	12	5.5	127	58.3
Arm pain	No	180	62.1	9	5.0	98	54.4	0.962
	Yes	110	37.9	6	5.5	61	55.5
Chest pain	No	176	60.7	7	4.0	101	57.4	0.372
	Yes	114	39.3	8	7.0	58	50.9
Frequent ED visits	No	199	76.8	11	5.5	110	55.3	0.626
	Yes	60	23.2	2	3.3	31	51.7

Note:

* Significant at α=0.05.

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cell; SCD, sickle cell disease; ED, emergency department.

Table 2 Differences in hemoglobin electrophoresis by WBC count

Measure	Overall N=290		Low <4 15 (5.2%)		Normal 4–11 159 (54.8%)		High >11 116 (40%)		P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Hemoglobin	9.2	1.5	8.7	1.3	9.4	1.5	8.9	1.6	0.024*
Heart rate	84.3	11.1	85.6	10.3	85.1	11.4	83.2	10.8	0.383
Hemoglobin F	16.3	6.9	18.8	7.4	17.3	7.1	14.5	6.3	0.001*
Hemoglobin A2	3.3	1.3	3.1	1.2	3.3	1.5	3.3	1.1	0.917
Hemoglobin S	79.4	7.4	76.9	6.4	78.3	7.4	81.1	7.2	0.003*

Note:

* Significant at α=0.05.

Abbreviation: WBC, white blood cell.

Table 3 Factors associated with high WBC count in SCD patients, N=275 (116 high and 159 normal)

Factor	B	SE	P-value	aOR	95% CI for OR
					Lower	Upper
Male	1.289	0.363	0.001*	3.63	1.783	7.384
Age 25–36 years	−0.418	0.389	0.283	0.66	0.307	1.412
Age >36 years	−0.249	0.435	0.567	0.78	0.332	1.829
Fever	0.159	0.339	0.638	1.17	0.604	2.277
Cough	0.779	0.356	0.029*	2.18	1.084	4.378
Shortness of breath	0.025	0.395	0.949	1.03	0.473	2.222
Wheezing	−0.816	0.423	0.054	0.44	0.193	1.013
Tiredness	0.220	0.396	0.579	1.25	0.573	2.708
Swelling in hands/feet	0.641	0.398	0.107	1.90	0.870	4.138
Redness	−0.298	0.503	0.554	0.74	0.277	1.989
Itching	0.324	0.366	0.375	1.38	0.676	2.832
Blood transfusion	−0.426	0.386	0.270	0.65	0.307	1.392
Back pain	0.662	0.361	0.066	1.94	0.956	3.930
Leg pain	−0.934	0.383	0.015*	0.39	0.185	0.833
Arm pain	−0.057	0.336	0.865	0.94	0.489	1.825
Chest pain	−0.110	0.348	0.751	0.90	0.453	1.770
Frequent ED visits	0.185	0.408	0.651	1.20	0.541	2.674
Hemoglobin	−0.274	0.124	0.027*	0.76	0.596	0.969
Heart rate	−0.034	0.016	0.032*	0.97	0.936	0.997
Hemoglobin F	0.009	0.037	0.814	1.01	0.938	1.084
Hemoglobin A2	−0.022	0.128	0.863	0.98	0.762	1.256
Hemoglobin S	0.034	0.031	0.273	1.03	0.973	1.100

Note:

* Significant at α=0.05.

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; SCD, sickle cell disease; ED, emergency department.

Ethics approval

The Ethics Committee at the Saudi Ministry of Health approved this study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study. The study received ethical approval from the Saudi Ministry of Health (SMOH), Institutional Review Board Log No 15-247E. Verbal informed consent was approved by SMOH. The study research team obtained verbal consent from adult patients (age ≥18 years), while verbal consent was obtained from children’s parents.

Results

A total of 290 SCD patients were included in the analysis. The average age of the sample was 29.1 years (±SD=10.2) and the average WBC count was 10.7 (±SD=6.3). Slightly more than half of the patients, 159 (54.8%), were within the normal range of the leukocyte count. Abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131/290 (45.2%; 95% CI: 39.35%-51.10%), low WBC in 15/290 (5.2%; 95% CI: 2.92%-8.39%), and high in 116/290 (40%; 95% CI: 34.32%-45.89%). Of the sample, 53.3% had fever, 52.4% had shortness of breath, and 23.2% had frequent ED visits during the previous 6 months. Table 1 presents more details on the sample characteristics.

In the subgroup analyses (Table 1), the percentage of high WBC count was higher in SCD patients with shortness of breath (47.1% vs. 33.6%, P=0.022), tiredness (43.4% vs. 31.0%, P=0.039), swelling in hands/feet (46.5% vs. 37.0%, P=0.020), and back pain (46.8% vs. 27.9%, P=0.007).

Subgroup analyses in Table 2 show that the mean hemoglobin was higher in patients with normal WBC (low 8.7, normal 9.4, and high 8.9, P=0.024). The mean hemoglobin F was higher in patients with low WBC counts (low 18.8, normal 17.3, and high 14.5, P=0.001) (Figure 1). The mean hemoglobin S was higher in patients with high WBC counts (low 76.9, normal 78.3, and high 81.1, P=0.003) (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Hemoglobin F by WBC groups.

Abbreviation: WBC, white blood cell.

Figure 2 Hemoglobin S by WBC groups.

Abbreviation: WBC, white blood cell.

We identified multiple factors associated with high WBC counts compared to normal WBC counts (excluding low WBC counts) in Table 3. Male gender (aOR=3.63, 95% CI, 1.783−7.384) and patients with cough (aOR=2.18, 95% CI, 1.084−4.378) increased the odds of high WBCs. However, the odds of high WBCs tended to decrease by 24% for every unit increase in hemoglobin (aOR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.596–0.969), and by 3% for every unit increase in high heart rate (aOR=0.97, 95% CI, 0.936–0.997).

Discussion

This epidemiological study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count (low or high) in a sample of Saudi patients with SCD, who were recruited from routine visits at King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia where the prevalence of SCD was reported to be high.^20,21 The study documented that high prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131 (45.2%) of our total sample: low in 15 (5.2%), and high in 116 (40%). The study estimated the mean WBC counts of 10.7±6.3 (range =2.5–61) ×10⁹ cells/L. This finding was consistent with a study conducted on Saudi adults with SCD from the Eastern Province 12.7±7.6 (range =2.6–52.5) ×10⁹ cells/L.¹⁹ However, their typical WBC value was higher than the average normal range (4–11×10⁹ cells/L). The high WBC counts in the SCD population could be as a result from infections or reactions to medications.^22,23 Evaluation of WBCs should be performed periodically in primary health care clinics to identify patients with lower or higher values than the normal WBC range. This may enable hematologists to assess the current medications, underlying etiology, or impending SCD crisis and initiate treatment to mitigate symptoms and modifiable factors that are associated with high WBCs.

The male gender was independently associated with high WBC counts. The odds of high WBC counts were 3.6 times higher in males compared to females (aOR =3.63). As per the authors’ knowledge, gender’s effect on high WBC counts has not been documented in SCD patients. Influence of gender on WBC counts in SCD patients should be investigated in various SCD populations.

The prevalence of high WBC counts differs significantly between SCD patients with a cough and those with no cough. The odds of high WBC counts were 2 times higher in SCD patients with a cough than SCD patients with no cough. This finding is consistent with several studies.^24,25 Eisenbrown et al²⁵ reported that a higher WBC level in SCD patients with a cough should prompt a chest X-ray.

According to subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between swelling in hands/feet and high WBC counts. Patients with swelling in hands/feet tend to have 2 times increased odds of high WBC compared to patients with no swelling in hands/feet. Several studies have shown that the presence of swelling in hands/feet in SCD patients was common, but they have not investigated its link with high WBC counts.^26,27

The high prevalence of cough and swelling in hands/feet in the SCD population could be targeted in future research to identify whether they are risk factors or symptoms of high WBCs.

The current study has demonstrated that hemoglobin and heart rate are negatively associated with high risk of high WBC counts. Routine examination of hemoglobin and heart rate to monitor WBC counts may help control SCD and its symptoms.

Limitations

Several limitations can be highlighted in this study. The findings of the study result from cross-sectional and retrospective chart review, thus relationships may not represent causation. The study recruited SCD patients who attended a single hospital in Saudi Arabia for routine medical check-ups, thus the population may not be a good representation of the SCD population in Saudi Arabia. Despite several limitations, the study has findings that may serve as novel evidence in identifying the potential predictors of high WBCs.

Conclusion

Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients who were treated routinely at King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf. Male gender, cough, low hemoglobin, and low heart rate were associated with high WBC count. Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus be beneficial for SCD patients.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Saudi Ministry of Health for approving this study.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.