Abstract
Introduction
Blood donation is important for saving human life as blood is used in surgeries, blood transfusion and for clinical use. The mission of blood banks can be extended to include medical research. The objective of the study was to determine and assess the attitude of blood donors in Gaza towards the use of their blood samples and medical data for biomedical research and the associated ethical issues.
Methods
The study is cross-sectional and questionnaire-based and involved 616 blood donors from the Gaza Strip.
Results
The majority of participants (86%) showed a positive attitude towards donating blood for medical research, including genetic studies. About two-thirds of participants agreed that informed consent should be taken before conducting medical research on the donated blood. A similar percentage also accepted linking of their health information to the donated blood samples. On the other hand, about 38% of participants disapproved of sharing of their data with third parties such as health insurance companies and health authorities. Finally, 10% of participants stated that their future blood donation decision would be affected if they knew that part of their donated blood was to be used in research without taking their permission.
Conclusion
Blood donors in Gaza Strip have a positive attitude toward using their donated blood for medical research. More awareness is required with respect to the importance of informed consent and access to biomedical information.
Introduction
Blood transfusion is a crucial part of any healthcare system. It is a lifesaving approach for several critical conditions such as bleeding disorders, hematological disorders and malignancies. Adequate blood supply can be achieved via blood donations, either as voluntary unpaid donation or recruited paid donation. Donated blood can be used for research purposes if not needed for treatment. Blood banks are attractive for biomedical research studies for the following reasons. First, blood banks are convenient places for the collection of a large sample of well characterized and healthy subjects for genomics and epidemiological screening investigations.Citation1–Citation3 Second, the availability of donors’ contact information allows for re-contact with participants for additional samples.Citation4 Finally, blood donors are expected to have a positive attitude towards voluntary research that requires blood sampling.Citation5,Citation6 However, one might argue that the use of donated blood for research purposes might discourage some donors, both regular and prospective, from donation of their blood to blood banks in the future. Therefore, it is important to investigate the attitudes of blood donors towards the use of their donated blood to blood banks for biomedical research.
In the Gaza Strip, the Central Blood Bank Association was established in 1993 to ensure enough blood supply to public and private hospitals and to avoid blood trading. The blood donated at the central blood bank is used mainly for saving lives and also for biomedical research to a limited extent. Blood for saving lives is obtained through self-motivated donation most of the times and through media advertisement and blood donation campaigns when there is a demand. However, the existence of informed consent, the use of the donated blood in biomedical research and the knowledge of the public about this consent either for surgical operations or research are largely unknown in the Gaza Strip. The aim of the present study was to assess the attitude, knowledge and practice of blood donors in Gaza towards the use of their blood samples and data for biomedical research and the associated ethical issues.
Materials and methods
Study population and design
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central Blood Bank of AL-Shifa Hospital in the Gaza Strip from May to July 2017. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to voluntary blood donors by trained research assistants. Subjects were invited to participate in the study while they were waiting to donate blood at the Central Blood Bank. All donors in the first 2 weeks of June 2017, the period of recruitment, were invited to participate in the study. In Gaza, most blood donors are self-motivated. During periods of high demand, donors are recruited through media advertisements and blood donation campaigns. The percentage of new donors each year is about 10% of the total number of the current donors.
Instrument description
The questionnaire was developed in Arabic. The study questionnaire was face validated through review by experts in the study topic, including a researcher, an ethicist, a physician and a socialist. This included testing the validity of the instrument’s content to ensure that items in the questionnaire were appropriate for the target construct and assessment objectives within the targeted population. Besides, the study questionnaire was further objectively validated by piloting it among a small number of participants (n=20) before the study. For all items in the questionnaire, the concordance in the answers of the participants in the pilot study was more than 90%. The study was approved by the Helsinki Committee in the Palestinian Ministry of Health. Blood donors were included in the study only after they were fully informed, agreed to participate and signed the informed consent. For the two participants who were 17 years old, the consent was also signed by their guardians. The response rate was 83%.
Each participant was asked to answer 30 questions that covered demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, experience with blood donation, knowledge and attitude towards blood donation related issues. The questionnaire is available with the corresponding author and will be provided upon request.
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. The differences in the answers to the questionnaire were examined using the chi-squared (c2) test. The multinominal logistic regression test was used to determine the factors (including age, gender, education, occupation, marital status and income) that are independently associated with the knowledge of and attitude towards blood donation related issues. All variables with P≤0.05 in univariable analysis were included in the multinominal logistic regression test. The significance level was considered at P<0.05. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 20.
Results
Demographics and socioeconomic characteristics of blood donors
A total of 616 blood donors volunteered to participate in the study. Around 74% of the participants were <25 years, 87.5% of were males, around 68% were workers, 52% had university education, 53% were single and 58% had medium income ().
Table 1 Demographics and socioeconomic characteristics of participants (n=616)
Practice, attitude and knowledge of participants about research on donated blood
About 30% of the participants had donated blood at least three times in the last 5 years (). Only 23% volunteered for health-related research and about 86% showed medium-to-high willingness in participating in health-related research. However, about 10% of participants stated that their future blood donation would be affected if they knew that part of their donated blood was used in research. The majority (>85%) of participants agreed to the use their donated blood in medical research including investigation of genetic diseases ().
Table 2 Practice, attitude and knowledge of participants about blood donation and research on donated blood (n=616)
Participants’ opinion about biomedical research on donated blood
The majority of participants (64%) agreed that an informed consent should be provided before conducting medical research on the donated blood. A similar percentage (64.5%) accepted linking of their health information to the donated blood sample to be used for biomedical research. Further, about 70% agreed that there was a great need for donated blood samples for conducting biomedical research and this would assist in developing medications for genetic and infectious diseases. However, about 38% disagreed on the blood test results being given to a third party such as health insurance companies and health authorities. ()
Table 3 Participants’ opinion about biomedical research on donated blood (n=616)
Factors affecting participants’ opinion about biomedical research on donated blood
The results of univariable analysis showed that age affected the participant’s opinion about the necessity of an informed consent for conducting medical research on the blood donated to the blood bank. Among other factors, only gender affected the opinion of participants on the importance of medical research on blood samples for the development of medications for infectious and genetic diseases ). In addition, gender, education, marital status and income level affected the participants’ opinion about the test results of the donated blood being given to a third party such as health insurance companies and health authorities. Moreover, age, gender and occupation affected the response of participants to the question that part of the donated blood could be used for research and it should not be linked to donor’s health information ).
Table 4 Univariable analysis of factors affecting participants’ opinion about biomedical research on donated blood
Results of multinominal logistic regression are shown in (only questions and factors that showed significant P-values are included in this table). Male participants, as compared to female participants, were more likely to be unsure about the benefits of medical research on donated blood samples in assisting the development of medications for infectious diseases. In addition, employed, rather than unemployed participants, were more likely to agree that part of the donated blood could be used in scientific research, but should not be linked to donor’s health information.
Table 5 Multinominal regression analysis of factors affecting participants’ opinion about biomedical research on donated blood
Discussion
The attitude of blood donors in the Gaza Strip towards using their donated blood for medical research was assessed in this study by using several statements that are related to the potential use of donated blood in research. Overall, the majority of the participants were willing to let their donated blood be used towards medical research. In comparison, blood donors in a Danish study believed that the use of their donated blood for medical research would expand the benefits of donation to include enhancement of scientific knowledge and public health.Citation4 A combination of blood banking and bio-banking for medical research has been successfully established in Bovaria, Italy.Citation7 The level of willingness to donate blood was consistent with those in previous studies that were conducted in Tunisia,Citation8 western countries,Citation9,Citation10 and Africa.Citation11 The motivation behind the willingness of the study participants to be engaged in medical research was their confidence that medical research was beneficial to both society and individuals, where medications for genetic and infectious diseases could be developed and hence provide protection to the society. However, and compared to females, males were less sure about the importance of medical research in the development of medications for infectious diseases. This could be due to type I error as the number of females who participated in the study was low.
Informed consent is an essential aspect of ethical codes and regulations for human subjects to be enrolled in research.Citation12 The goal of informed consent is to provide detailed information that is sufficient for the potential subject to decide whether to enroll in the study.Citation13 More than half of study participants (65%) felt that informed consent was required for conducting any medical research on the blood donated to the blood bank. Abou Zeid et al reported that only 44% of the studied Egyptian population felt that informed consent should provide the participant with the option of having their blood samples stored for future research.Citation14 A previous study from Jordan showed that a good fraction of participants think that informed consent is not needed for donation of samples to biobanks.Citation15 This highlights the importance of enhancing awareness about the importance of the consent process in Arabic populations. In two studies from the US, about 90% of the blood donors insisted on the importance of having their permission before the leftover of donated blood samples could be used for medical research.Citation6,Citation16
The majority of the study participants (88%) wanted to know the results of the tests that were conducted on their donated blood samples. This is consistent with the previous findings of Abou-Zeid et al among the Egyptian population.Citation14 Wendler and Emanuel found that the majority (89%) of study participants in the USA requested that they be informed about the results of tests on their stored biological samples.Citation17 However, about 38% of study participants did not agree with the test results being given to a third party such as health insur ance companies and health authorities. This underlines the importance of donor’s privacy and confidentiality and raises a concern about the possible misuse of information.Citation18,Citation19 Participants with low and medium levels of income and high education were more likely to disagree on the third party principle.
About 27% of participants stated that part of the donated blood could be used in scientific research but should not be linked to the donor’s health information. Subjects who were employed were more likely to prefer this than the unemployed. This could be due to the fear of stigma,Citation10 loss of job, increased payments of health insurance as well as confidentiality issues.Citation10 Kettis-Lindblad et al revealed that the Swedish population was willing to donate blood samples given that it was not linked to their identity.Citation20
About 10% of participants stated that their future blood donation would be affected if they knew that part of their donated blood was used in research. This highlights the importance of the informed consent process as integral to the use of donated blood samples in medical research. In addition, this also highlights the importance of building trust between blood donors and blood banking institutions.
The current study has a number of limitations. The study questionnaire was focused on blood samples, whereas patients might have different opinions regarding research that involves other biological samples and fluids. However, on the positive side, the current study involved variety of age groups, a large number of participants and subjects with diverse socioeconomic status.
In conclusion, the current study showed that the majority of blood donors in the Gaza Strip have a positive attitude towards using their donated blood for medical research. Most participants agreed that informed consent should be provided before conducting medical research on donated blood samples. In addition, subjects who were employed, rather than unemployed, were more likely to agree that part of the donated blood could be used for medical research but should not linked to donor’s health information.
Acknowledgments
This project was carried out as part of “The Research Ethics Education Program in Jordan” and has been supported by National Institute of Health (grant no. 1R25TW010026-01).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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