Correlation of Transferrin Saturation and Serum Ferritin with Bone Mass Density in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta-Thalassemia Patients

Abstract

Background

The use of regular blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to treat thalassemia has improved survival and increased the incidence of osteoporosis. Moreover, iron toxicity is one of the contributing factors that reduce bone mass density in adult transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the proportion of low bone mass density in adult thalassemia patients and transferrin saturation, as well as serum ferritin, which correlates to the skeletal condition.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Thalassemia and Hematology Medical Oncology Clinics of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in March 2016. The anthropometric data and hemoglobin levels were obtained before transfusion. Subsequently, the average ferritin levels, bone mineral density, and radiographic results were obtained.

Results

The percentage of adult thalassemia major and intermedia patients with low bone mass density was 68%. Also, there was a weak inverse correlation between bone mass density and transferrin saturation (r = −0.329, p = 0.01), while no correlation was shown between bone mass density and ferritin (r = −0.088, p = 0.504). The transferrin saturation cutoff point value used to distinguish the incidence of low and normal bone density in patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia was 89.5%. In addition, there was weak correlation between Singh index and bone mass density (r = 0.273, p = 0.038).

Conclusion

Among the transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patients, 68% had low bone mass density, which inversely correlated to transferrin saturation. Furthermore, the cutoff value of transferrin saturation to differentiate the incidence of low and normal bone density in thalassemia major compared to thalassemia intermedia was 89.5%. Singh Index correlates weakly with bone mass density and might be used to detect low bone mass density in remote healthcare facilities.

Keywords:

• bone mass density
• ferritin
• thalassemia
• transfusion dependent beta
• transferrin

Background

Thalassemia is a group of hereditary disorders associated with the defective synthesis of alpha or beta-globin, which are inherited as pathologic alleles of the globin genes on the chromosomes 11 (β) and 16 (α).¹ The damage of the membrane structure leads to accelerated apoptosis and premature destruction of the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis).² Meanwhile, ineffective erythropoiesis reduces bone mass density and increases the incidence of fractures.³

The provision of regular blood transfusions has been shown to increase the survival of patients with thalassemia; however, it leads to the occurrence of iron overload, which progresses to iron toxicity. The iron toxicity is mediated through non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), a free radical, which is among the factors that contribute to organ damage in thalassemia.^4,5 Since NTBI levels are measured only at several research centers abroad, therefore, to measure iron toxicity, surrogate markers such as saturation transferrin and serum ferritin are used.⁶

Iron toxicity functions as one of the contributing factors to bone density reduction in adult patients with thalassemia. Moreover, ineffective erythropoiesis causes expansion of the bone marrow and leads to mechanical disruption of the bone structure.⁷ Currently, there have not been studies on the correlation between transferrin saturation and ferritin parameters with bone density or NTBI receptors in bone.

The use of transfusion and iron chelation therapy to treat thalassemia patients has improved survival; however, regular transfusions cause an increase in the incidence of osteoporosis.^8–11 Out of the population of patients with thalassemia that have received adequate transfusion therapy, the incidence of osteoporosis reported was approximately 66%.¹² A previous study by Hashemieh et al¹³ reported a 23% increased incidence of osteopenia in thalassemia major and 8% in thalassemia intermedia.¹³ Furthermore, a study also stated that incidence of osteoporosis is increased by 60% in thalassemia major and intermedia are 60% and 81.6%<, respectively.¹³ Meanwhile, bone disorder as a complication of thalassemia causes negative psychological impact, lowers the quality of life, and increases treatment costs.

In Indonesia, the incidence of osteoporosis/low bone density is between 28% and 32%.¹⁴ The pathogenesis of reduced bone density in thalassemia is associated with the expansion of bone marrow caused by ineffective erythropoiesis, sexual maturation disorders, hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and direct iron toxicity on the bone. Furthermore, the use of desferrioxamine iron chelation therapy also plays an important role in the incidence of low bone density.¹⁵

The measurement of bone mass dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the lumbar area, femoral neck, and forearm is a non-invasive examination that accurately assesses bone density,¹⁶ however, these tests are not widely available in Indonesia. To overcome this limitation, a simple Singh Index measurement using a conventional X-ray modality is considered. Although this method is widely available, studies on the evaluation of bone density in patients with thalassemia had not been examined, especially in Asian population. Therefore, this study aims to determine the proportion of low bone mass density in adult thalassemia patients and the correlation between transferrin saturation and serum ferritin with the skeletal condition.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Thalassemia together with Hematology and Medical Oncology Clinics of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in March 2016. The inclusion criteria were patients above 18 years, which were diagnosed with thalassemia based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or microcapillary, received a regular red blood transfusion at least once a month, and agreed to participate in the study. Subsequently, blood samples, inspection dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bone radiographs were acquired, while GE^® Lunar iDXA™ system was used to measure bone densitometry. In this study, the exclusion criteria were patients that refused to participate, use drugs that affect bone density such as corticosteroids, and are with clinical signs of infection such as fever.

The data collected included name, age, complete address, phone number, weight, height, puberty status, hemoglobin level before transfusion, average ferritin levels during the last 6 months to 1 year, bone density measurement with DXA instruments, and bone radiographic examination.

The data obtained were analyzed using IBM™ SPSS Statistics^® 20 and Statistical correlation tests were carried out using non-parametric Spearman test. The Z-score from bone densitometry was analyzed as a continuous variable that correlated with the serum ferritin, transferrin, and femoral Singh index. Dichotomous bone mass density data were only used to determine the percentage of patients with low bone density.

This study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Also, appropriate informed consent was from all subjects.

Results

Demographic Data

The data were from 60 patients, which consisted of 27 males (45%) and 33 females (55%). The median age was 25 years, which ranged from 18 to 68 years as shown in Table 1. Meanwhile, the median level of ferritin was 3881 ng/mL with the lowest value of 645 ng/mL and the highest value of 15,437 ng/mL. The median transferrin saturation was 86% with the lowest value of 20% and the highest value of 120%. These results showed that the median bone mass density values were −1.1 with the lowest value of −5.7 and the highest of 2.6. (Table 1).

Table 1 General Characteristics of Research Subjects

General Characteristics	N = 60
Gender, n (%)
Male	27 (45%)
Female	33 (55%)
Classification of Thalassemia
Thalassemia major (TM)	19 (32%)
Thalassemia intermedia (TI)	41 (68%)
Classification of thalassemia
Thalassemia Beta Thalassemia	26 (43%)
Beta/HBE	34 (57%)
Iron status
Ferritin (ng/mL), median (min-max)	3881 (645–15,437)
Transferrin saturation, median (min-max)	86 (20–120)
Anthropometry
Weight (kg), median (min-max)	43 (25–85)
Height (cm), median (min-max)	154 (123–170)
Short stature, N (%)	28 (47%)
Facies Cooley, N (%)	32 (53%)
BMD Z score, median (min-max)	−1.1 (−5.7 to 2.6)
Laboratory values
Pre-transfusion hemoglobin (mg/dL), mean (SD)	8.08 (1.09)
hsCRP (mg/L), mean (SD)	3.15 (0.34–4.4)
Magnesium (mEq/L), mean (SD)	2.02 (0.24)
Sodium (mEq/L), mean (SD)	137.38 (4.30)
Potassium (mEq/L), mean (SD)	4.06 (0.42)
Chloride (mEq/L), median (min-max)	99 (89–114)
Calcium (mg/dL), mean (SD)	8.91 (0.49)
Phosphate (mg/dL), median (min-max)	4 (2.2–6.20)
Transferrin saturation (%), median (min-max)	86 (20–112)
Serum ferritin (ng/mL), median (min-max)	3881 (645–15,437)
Femoral Singh Index, median (min-max)	5 (1–6)

Abbreviations: BMD, bone mass density; SD, standard Ddeviation; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein.

The Proportion of Low Bone Mass Density

Bone mass density was evaluated using the Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The results showed that 41 (68%) patients had low bone mass density (Z score <-2), while 19 (32%) had normal bone density (Z score ≥ 2).

The Correlation Between the Saturation of Transferrin or Ferritin in Bone Density

The transferrin saturation, ferritin, and bone mass density of 60 patients were examined with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality, which obtained a probability value of 0.000 (p<0.05); therefore, non-parametric tests were used. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the correlation between transferrin saturation and ferritin with the bone mass density.

There was a weak inverse correlation between transferrin saturation and bone mass density (r=−0.329, p=0.01), while there was no significant correlation between the levels of serum ferritin with bone mass density (r=−0.088, p=0.504) (Table 2).

Table 2 Correlation of Transferrin Saturation, Serum Ferritin and Singh Index with Bone Mass Density

Variables	r	p*
Transferrin saturation – BMD	−0.329	0.010
Serum Ferritin – BMD	−0.088	0.504
Femoral Singh Index – BMD	0.273	0.038

Note: *Spearman correlation test.

Abbreviation: BMD, bone mass density.

The Cut-Off Point of Transferrin Saturation Associated with Low Bone Density

Curve analysis by the receiver operating curve (ROC) was generated to determine the portion of patients predicted to have a low bone mass density in adult thalassemia major and intermedia by the transferrin saturation values. Figure 1 showed a ROC curve value of transferrin saturation 0.727, p-value 0.005, and 95% CI 0.595–0.858, which indicated a good value. Moreover, the cut-off point to determine transferrin saturation to distinguish low and normal bone densities in adult patients with thalassemia major and intermedia was analyzed. Based on the result, a transferrin saturation value of 89.5% was obtained as the most excellent point (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Transferrin saturation values receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for prediction of future occurrence of low bone density in adult thalassemia patients.

Figure 2 Cutoff point of transferrin saturation in distinguishing incidence of low bone density in adult patients with thalassemia.

Cut Point (Cut-Off) of Serum Ferritin Associated with Low Bone Density in Adult Thalassemia Patients

Based on previous analysis (Table 2), there was no significant correlation between ferritin and bone density, and can not be determined as cut-off point ferritin value to distinguish low and normal bone density in patients with thalassemia major and intermedia adults.

The Correlation Between Bone Density Values with Singh Index in Thalassemia Adult Patients

The Singh index value and the bone mass density in 60 patients were examined based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to obtain a normality probability value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the Spearman correlation test was conducted to evaluate the correlation between Singh index and bone mass density. The results showed that there was weak correlation (Table 2) between Singh Index and bone mass density (r = 0.273, p-value = 0.038).

Discussion

The wide range of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation values occurred due to the differences in patients’ compliance with iron chelation therapy. The amount of blood transfusion should not be a confounding factor since the subjects receive regular blood transfusion every month. In this study, the ferritin value used was obtained by calculating the average ferritin values through several examinations in the previous year. Since the value can be influenced by many factors besides the iron content in the blood such as inflammation and hepatic impairment, averaging several measurements minimized that concern.

There were 68.3% subjects with low bone density. This value is higher than the incidence of low bone mass density in the general population (23%),¹⁴ In addition, 47% of the patients had short stature. Increased incidence of low bone density and osteoporosis in patients with thalassemia was also reported by Hashemieh et al¹⁰ in Iran (65%) and Merchant et al¹⁷ in India (81%). Based on the similarity of our results with other studies, low bone mass density is considered a frequent complication in patients with thalassemia, which requires early diagnosis and prompt management.

This study analyzed the correlation between bone mass density with transferrin saturation, ferritin serum, and Singh index. The result showed an inverse correlation between bone mass density and transferrin saturation with a value of r=−0.329 and p=0.01. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between bone mass density and ferritin (r=−0.088 p=0.504). This is the first study that obtained a significant correlation between the bone mass density and transferrin saturation in adult patients with thalassemia. Although the correlation was weak, it was statistically significant. Piga et al¹⁸ showed a correlation between non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) with transferrin saturation (r=0.52 p <0.001), but there was no correlation with serum ferritin. These findings might suggest that transferrin saturation can be used as a surrogate of bone mass density if the examination is not available.

These results also showed that there was no significant correlation between ferritin and bone density, which was similar to a previous study by Jensen et al.¹⁰ Ferritin is a protein that works as a storage of iron in the human body. Moreover, the levels are influenced by many factors besides iron overload, such as inflammatory reactions, liver damage, and malignancy.^19,20 To overcome this issue, hs-CRP values were measured to exclude inflammatory conditions, while the average values of ferritin were used by examining 3 to 5 measurements in the last one-year. Nonetheless, after excluding infection and averaging the serum ferritin levels, there was still no significant correlation between serum ferritin and bone mass density.

The Singh index is chosen since it can be obtained from plain femoral radiograph, which is available worldwide, even in remote healthcare facilities. Since bone mass density examination is not available throughout Indonesia, we want to determine if it can be used to detect low bone mass density. We found weak correlation between Singh Index and bone mass density (r = 0.273, p-value = 0.038). This study provides preliminary data for further research to strengthen the evidence supporting the use of Singh index for detection of low bone mass density in patients with thalassemia.

With the discovery of the correlation between transferrin saturation with bone mass density, we determined the cut-off point of transferrin saturation to distinguish the incidence of low and normal bone density in adult patients with thalassemia. The Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) obtained a value of Area Under the Curve (AUC) 0.727 (95% CI: 0.595–0.858), which showed that transferrin saturation has a good value to distinguish between low and normal bone density. Based on the ROC curve obtained, transferrin saturation values best cut-off point was 89.5%.

The limitation of this study is the absence of hormonal assessment and its relation to bone mass density; therefore, it is recommended for future study. The clinical application of this study is to show that transferrin saturation can be used as a surrogate marker of low bone density in adult patients with thalassemia that has not pass through DXA examination.

Conclusion

The percentage of low bone mass density in patients with thalassemia major and intermedia adults in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital was 68%. Based on the results, there was a significant inverse correlation between bone mass density with transferrin saturation, while there was no correlation between bone mass density with ferritin saturation in adult thalassemia major and intermedia patients. There was weak correlation between the Singh index and femoral bone density. Transferrin saturation cutoff point value to distinguish between the incidence of low and normal bone density is 89.5%.

Data Sharing Statement

Additional data can be requested by contacting the corresponding author on the email address provided.

Acknowledgments

This paper is based on thesis: “Correlation of Transferrin Saturation and Serum Ferritin with Bone Mass Density in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta-Thalassemia Patients” by Tenggara and Atmakusuma in 2016.²¹

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

This paper is self-funded.