Hepatectomy After Conversion Therapy with Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Anti-PD-1 Antibodies for Initially Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Background

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not candidates for liver resection. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with initially unresectable HCC who underwent hepatectomy after conversion therapy with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and anti-PD-1 antibodies.

Materials and Methods

Patients with initially unresectable HCC who received HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies followed by hepatectomy between December 2020 and December 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics, tumor characteristics, treatment efficacy, perioperative characteristics, pathological characteristics, and survival outcomes were summarized and analyzed.

Results

67 patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were treated with 3 sessions (range:2–6 sessions) of combination therapy and were performed with hepatectomy in 4 months (range:1.4–17.8 months) after the initiation of the combination therapy. The median size of tumor shrinkage was 4.7 cm (range:0.9–11.7 cm). A pathological complete response (pCR) was achieved in 34.3% of the patients (n = 23). The median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 19.3 months and the median overall survival (OS) was 28.7 months. Patients who achieved pCR had a better RFS (P = 0.004) and those without microscopic vascular invasion (MVI) had a better prognosis (RFS, P = 0.011; OS, P = 0.023). Multivariable logistic analysis revealed that the tumor number was associated with pCR.

Conclusion

Hepatectomy after conversion therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies is a feasible treatment strategy for patients with unresectable HCC. This treatment strategy is associated with a promising prognosis.

Keywords:

• hepatectomy
• conversion therapy
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• pathological complete response

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.¹ Radical treatments including liver resection, liver transplantation, and radiofrequency ablation have been considered for patients with early-stage HCC.² However, most patients are diagnosed at intermediate or advanced stages when they are not candidates for curative resection.^3,4 Despite various therapies for advanced HCC, including interventional therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and anti-PD-1 antibodies, survival remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 18%.¹

Owing to the development of treatment strategies for HCC, conversion therapy, with the aim of achieving tumor downstaging and transforming initially unresectable tumors or borderline resectable tumors into resectable tumors, has become more common.^5,6 The modalities of conversion therapy include transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radiotherapy, TKIs, anti-PD-1 antibodies, and combined therapy based on locoregional and systemic treatments.^6–9 The combination of TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies was reported to be a feasible conversion therapy for patients with unresectable HCC to become resectable, and salvage hepatectomy after downstaging unresectable HCC was associated with favorable long-term outcomes.^9–12

Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is widely utilized as an effective treatment for HCC in China, Japan, and South Korea.^13,14 HAIC alone, the combination of HAIC with TKIs, and HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies were reported to have an overall response rate (ORR) of 36.0%-70.6%.^13–17 Furthermore, 4 of 36 patients and 9 of 71 patients were reported to undergo curative surgery due to tumor downstaging by the combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies in studies by Lai et al¹⁶ and He et al,¹⁷ respectively. These favorable results have prompted the use of this combination therapy in the conversion therapy for HCC. However, no study has reported detailed data including pretreatment, preoperative, operative, and pathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with initially unresectable HCC receiving hepatectomy after conversion therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies.

Here, we report 67 patients with initially unresectable HCC who were treated with a combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies followed by curative resection. We summarized the clinicopathological characteristics and analyzed the survival outcomes of these patients.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Patients

This single-center retrospective study included patients with initially unresectable HCC receiving HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies, followed by sequential curative resection due to tumor downstaging at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) between December 2020 and December 2022. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of FUSCC (Approval No. 1612167–18). The criteria of unresectable HCC were: (1) multiple tumors with distribution of bilateral lobe; (2) insufficient remnant liver volume after hepatectomy (<40% for patients with liver cirrhosis; <30% for patients with liver cirrhosis); (3) concomitant bilateral portal vein tumor thrombosis, or main portal vein tumor thrombosis, or inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis; (4) R0 resection is technically difficult; and (5) unresectable HCC judged by experienced multidisciplinary clinicians.

Combination Therapy

The Seldinger technique was used to puncture the femoral artery and a catheter was inserted into the feeding hepatic artery under digital subtraction angiography guidance. The HAIC chemotherapeutic regimen (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² from hour 0 to 2 on day 1, leucovorin 400 mg/m² from hour 2 to 3 on day 1, 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m² bolus at hour 3, and 2400 mg/m² over 46h on days 1 and 2) was infused via catheter. TKIs were administered above 1 week prior to the initial HAIC and discontinued one day before each session of HAIC until the time of catheter withdrawal. Anti-PD-1 antibodies were administered intravenously within 2 days of HAIC initiation. The TKIs used in this study were lenvatinib (12 mg/day for body weight ≥ 60 kg or 8 mg/day for body weight < 60 kg), donafenib (200 mg twice daily), and apatinib (250 mg/day), and the anti-PD-1 antibodies were tislelizumab (200 mg), sintilimab (200 mg), and camrelizumab (200 mg). The patients were treated with a combination of HAIC, TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies every 3 weeks. The combination of TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies used in the study were listed in Supplementary Table 1.

Clinical Assessment

Complete blood count, liver function, renal function, coagulation function, and tumor marker levels were monitored every three weeks before HAIC. Tumor response was evaluated using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) every 6 weeks and assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 and modified RECIST (mRECIST).^18,19 Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03.

Liver Resection

After combination therapy, patients underwent curative surgery when meeting the following conditions: (1) R0 resection could be performed with sufficient remnant liver volume and function; (2) patients achieved complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD); (3) no serious or persistent adverse events occurred due to combination therapy; and (4) no surgical contraindications were observed.

Major hepatectomy was defined as resection of three or more Couinaud segments or resection of the right posterior and anterior sections because of the unique techniques required.²⁰ Posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) was diagnosed based on an increased international normalized ratio and concomitant hyperbilirubinemia on or after postoperative day 5 and graded based on its impact on clinical management.²¹ Postoperative complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification.²² Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as the absence of residual viable tumor cells on hematoxylin and eosin staining of slide sections from completely resected primary tumors, tumor thrombosis, and metastatic lesions.

Postoperative Management

Patients underwent 1 session of HAIC and TKIs for 3 months and 4 sessions of anti-PD-1 antibodies a month after surgery. Follow-up laboratory examinations (complete blood count, liver function, renal function, coagulation function, and tumor marker levels) and imaging examinations (contrast-enhanced CT/MRI) were performed every 2–3 months.

Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism version 9.4.1. Continuous variables are expressed as median and ranges. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the interval from the date of surgery to the date of tumor recurrence or death from any cause. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the interval from the date of combination therapy initiation to the date of the patient’s death. DFS and OS were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank method. Clinicopathological characteristics between the groups were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the factors associated with survival. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with pathological response. Statistically significant factors (P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis were candidates for entry into the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and binary logistic regression analysis. All P values were two-sided, with P values <0.05 considered significant.

Results

Patient Characteristics

67 patients with initially unresectable HCC were treated with a combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies, and underwent curative resection due to tumor shrinkage and downstaging between December 2020 and December 2022. Patient demographics are listed in Table 1. Most of the patients (91.0%) were male. The median age was 52 years (range:26–74 years). 35 patients were graded as having an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0. Of these patients, 76.1% had hepatitis B virus (HBV). The Child-Pugh score of most patients (86.6%) was 5. Of the patients, 67.2% were classified as ALBI grade 1 and 22 patients were classified as ALBI grade 2.

Table 1 Patient Characteristics

Characteristics	Patients (n = 67)
Sex
Male	61 (91.0)
Female	6 (9.0)
Age, years
Median (range)	52 (26–74)
≤ 50	28 (41.8)
> 50	39 (58.2)
ECOG performance status
0	35 (47.8)
1	32 (52.2)
HBV
Positive	51 (76.1)
Negative	16 (23.9)
HCV
Positive	1 (1.5)
Negative	66 (98.5)
Child-Pugh
5	58 (86.6)
6	6 (9)
7	3 (4.5)
ALBI grade
Grade 1	45 (67.2)
Grade 2	22 (32.8)

Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV hepatitis C virus.

Tumor Characteristics and Treatment-Related Characteristics

Tumor characteristics and treatment efficacy of the patients are summarized in Table 2. The median treatment session was 3 sessions (range:2–6 sessions), with a median interval between the date of the first session and the date of surgery of 4 months (range:1.4–17.8 months). Multiple tumors were observed in 62.7% of the patients, and 61.2% of the tumors were located in one lobe of the liver. Of the patients, 49.3% had portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), including four with Vp2, 18 with Vp3 and 11 in Vp4. Only 2 patients had hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (HVTT). The median tumor size before treatment was 11.3 cm (range:3.8–23.0 cm) and the median preoperative tumor size was 7 cm (range:1.0–15.2 cm). The median tumor shrinkage was 4.7 cm after combination therapy (range:0.9–11.7 cm; Figure 1a and b). A total of 76.1% of the patients achieved PR based on the RECIST, while 16 patients achieved CR based on the mRECIST. Before combination therapy, 39 patients had AFP > 400 ng/mL, which reduced to 14 patients after combination therapy. A reduction in AFP was observed in all patients, with elevated APF reducing to normal in 29 patients after combination therapy (Figure 1c). The treatment-related AEs were listed in Supplementary Table 2. The most common AEs were elevated ALT (35.8%), elevated AST (34.3%), nausea (34.3%) and hypoalbuminemia (34.3%).

Table 2 Tumor Characteristics and Treatment Efficacy

Characteristics	Patients (n = 67)
Median treatment session (range)	3 (2–6)
Median interval, months	4.0 (1.4–17.8)
Tumor number
Single	25 (37.3)
Multiple	42 (62.7)
Tumor distribution
Unilobar	41 (61.2)
Bilobar	26 (38.8)
PVTT
Vp0	34 (50.7)
Vp2	4 (6)
Vp3	18 (26.9)
Vp4	11 (16.4)
HVTT
Present	2 (3.0)
Absent	65 (97.0)
Baseline tumor size, cm
Median (range)	11.3 (3.8–23.0)
≤ 10	24 (64.2)
> 10	43 (35.8)
Preoperative tumor size, cm
Median (range)	7 (1.0–15.2)
≤ 10	57 (85.1)
> 10	10 (14.9)
Tumor shrinkage, cm
Median (range)	4.7 (0.9–11.7)
RECIST
PR	51 (76.1)
SD	16 (23.9)
mRECIST
CR	16 (23.9)
PR	51 (76.1)
Baseline AFP, ng/mL
≤ 400	28 (41.8)
> 400	39 (58.2)
Preoperative AFP, ng/mL
≤ 400	53 (79.1)
> 400	14 (20.9)
Change of AFP^#
Elevated-to-elevated	28 (41.8)
Elevated-to-normal	29 (43.3)
Normal-to-normal	10 (14.9)

Notes: ^#Elevated-to-elevated means baseline and preoperative AFP were both elevated; elevated-to-normal means baseline AFP was elevated but preoperative AFP was normal; normal-to-normal means baseline and preoperative AFP were both normal.

Abbreviations: PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombus; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombus RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; mRECIST, modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; AFP, ⍺-fetoprotein.

Figure 1 Changes in tumor size and AFP levels in patients with HCC after the combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies. (a) Dot plot of the change in tumor size from baseline assessed based on RECIST. (b) Histogram of the best percentage change in tumor size from baseline assessed based on RECIST. Each bar represents one patient. (c) Dot plot of the change in AFP from baseline to preoperation.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HAIC, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; AFP, ⍺-fetoprotein.

Figure 2 shows a representative case. The patient was diagnosed with HCC with a tumor size of 11.8 cm, invading the right and main branches of the portal vein (Figure 2a). The patient received three sessions of HAIC, lenvatinib, and sintilimab. The intrahepatic lesion and PVTT significantly decreased, and the AFP reduced from 2189 ng/mL to 2.98 ng/mL (Figure 2b). The patient underwent right hemihepatectomy, and pathological examination of the surgically resected specimen revealed a pCR (Figure 2c).

Figure 2 One representative case. (a) Pretreatment CT showing a large tumor with tumor thrombosis in right and main branches of portal vein. (b) Preoperative MRI showing the regression of intrahepatic tumor and tumor thrombosis after treatment. (c) Resected specimen of patients.

Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Perioperative Characteristics

The perioperative characteristics of patients are shown in Table 3. Major hepatectomy was performed in 52.5% of the patients. Portal triad clamping was performed in 52 patients with a median time of 15 minutes (range:0–40 minutes). The median intraoperative blood loss was 300 mL (range:50–3000 mL), and 11 patients required intraoperative blood transfusion. Postoperative complications were observed in 29 patients, including 24 patients with grade I, 3 patients with grade II, 1 patient with grade IV, and 1 patient with grade V. Besides, 35 patients present with PHLF: 33 patients with grade A, 1 patient with grade B, and 1 patient with grade C. One patient died of an abdominal infection and multiple organ failure after surgery. The median postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range:4–21 days).

Table 3 Surgical Characteristics

Characteristics	Patients (n = 67)
Resection
Major hepatectomy	35 (52.5)
Minor hepatectomy	32 (47.8)
Portal triad clamping
Present	52 (77.6)
Absent	15 (22.4)
Time of Portal triad clamping, minutes
Median (range)	15 (0–40)
Intraoperative blood loss, mL
Median (range)	300 (50–3000)
Intraoperative blood transfusion
Present	11 (16.4)
Absent	56 (83.6)
Postoperative complication
0	38 (56.7)
I	24 (35.8)
II	3 (4.5)
IV	1 (1.5)
V	1 (1.5)
Post-hepatectomy liver failure
0	32 (47.8)
A	33 (49.3)
B	1 (1.5)
C	1 (1.5)
Postoperative hospital stay, days
Median (range)	6 (4–21)

Pathological Characteristics

The pathological characteristics of patients are shown in Table 4. Thirty patients had tumor capsules and only 13 patients had satellite lesions. In the assessment of microscopic vascular invasion (MVI), 45 patients were diagnosed with M0, and 22 patients were diagnosed with M1/M2. After extensive tumor tissue sampling, no viable tumor cells were found in 23 patients who were diagnosed with pCR.

Table 4 Pathological Characteristics

Characteristics	Patients (n = 67)
Tumor capsule
Present	30 (44.8)
Absent	37 (55.2)
Satellite lesion
Present	13 (19.4)
Absent	54 (80.6)
Microscopic vascular invasion
M0	45 (67.2)
M1/M2	22 (32.8)
Pathological response
pCR	23 (34.3)
Non-pCR	44 (65.7)

Abbreviation: pCR, pathological complete response.

Survival Outcomes

After a median follow-up of 15.9 months (range:2.5–37.1 months), tumor recurrence was detected in 20 patients, and seven patients died from tumor progression. The median DFS was 19.3 months and the median OS was 28.7 months. Patients whose baseline and preoperative APF levels were both normal had the worst DFS (P = 0.024; Figure 3a). Compared to patients with PR based on mRECIST, those with CR had better DFS (not reached vs 13.7 months, P = 0.036; Figure 3c). A better DFS was also found in patients with M0 than in those with M1/M2 (not reached vs 11.6 months, P = 0.011; Figure 3e). Furthermore, patients with pCR had a better DFS than those without pCR (not reached vs 11.6 months, P = 0.004; Figure 3g). However, no difference of OS was observed between patients with different change of AFP (P = 0.711; Figure 3b), or with different treatment efficacy based on mRECIST (Not reached vs 28.7 months, P = 0.660; Figure 3d) or different pathological responses (not reached vs 28.7 months, P = 0.467; Figure 3h). Patients with M0 had better OS than those with M1/M2 (not reached vs 24.4 months, P = 0.023; Figure 3f). In multivariate analyses of DFS, pathological response was a prognostic factor (Table 5).

Table 5 Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Variables Associated with Recurrence-Free Survival

	Univariate	Multivariate	HR (95% CI)
	P value	P value
Sex (Male/Female)	0.991
Age (≤ 50/> 50)	0.243
ECOG performance status (0/1)	0.352
HBV (Positive/Negative)	0.621
Child-Pugh (5/6/7)	0.310
ALBI grade (Grade 1/Grade 2)	0.259
Tumor number (Single/Multiple)	0.300
Tumor distribution (Unilobar/Bilobar)	0.545
PVTT (Present/Absent)	0.430
Baseline tumor size (≤ 10/> 10)	0.061
Preoperative tumor size (≤ 10/> 10)	0.288
RECIST (PR/SD)	0.334
mRECIST (CR/PR)	0.036	NS
Baseline AFP (≤ 400/> 400)	0.130
Preoperative AFP (≤ 400/> 400)	0.249
Change of AFP (elevated-to-elevated / elevated-to-normal / normal-to-normal)^#	0.024
Resection (Major/Minor)	0.930
Portal triad clamping (Present/Absent)	0.447
Intraoperative blood transfusion (Present/Absent)	0.566
Postoperative complication (Present/Absent)	0.072
Post-hepatectomy liver failure (Present/Absent)	0.358
Tumor capsule (Present/Absent)	0.279
Satellite lesion (Present/Absent)	0.375
Macroscopic vascular invasion (Present/Absent)	0.888
Microscopic vascular invasion (M0/M1–2)	0.011	NS
Pathological response (non-pCR/pCR)	0.004	0.041	0.197 (0.041–0.934)

Notes: ^#Elevated-to-elevated means baseline and preoperative AFP were both elevated; elevated-to-normal means baseline AFP was elevated but preoperative AFP was normal; normal-to-normal means baseline and preoperative AFP were both normal.

Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HBV, hepatitis B virus; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombus; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; mRECIST, modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; AFP, ⍺-fetoprotein; pCR, pathological complete response; NS, not significant.

Figure 3 Survival analyses of patients with HCC who treated with HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies. DFS (a) and OS (b) of all patients. DFS (c) and OS (d) of patients with different change of AFP. DFS (e) and OS (f) of patients with CR and PR based on mRECIST. DFS (g) and OS (h) of patients with M0 and M1/M2 in MVI. DFS (i) and OS (j) of patients with pCR and non-pCR.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HAIC, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; TKI, tyrosine kinases inhibitor; DFS, disease-free survival; OS, overall survival; AFP, ⍺-fetoprotein; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; MVI, microscopic vascular invasion; pCR, pathological complete response.

Analyses of Factors Associated with pCR

The clinical characteristics of the patients with pCR or non-pCR are summarized in Supplementary Table 3. Patients with pCR had more single tumors (69.6% vs 20.5%, P < 0.001) and unilobar tumors (78.3% vs 52.3%, P = 0.038) than those without non-pCR. Furthermore, patients with pCR had more PVTT than those without pCR (65.2% vs 38.6%, P = 0.038). In multivariate analysis, only tumor number was identified as an independent risk factor associated with pCR (HR, 0.146; 95% CI, 0.044–0.490; P = 0.002; Supplementary Table 4).

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first and largest cohort study to report the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with initially unresectable HCC who underwent curative surgery after conversion therapy with HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies. The favorable survival rate of patients suggests that this treatment strategy is feasible for patients with initially unresectable HCC.

The combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies was first reported for the treatment of advanced HCC by He et al,¹⁷ with an ORR of 67.6%. A Phase II trial of HAIC combined with lenvatinib and toripalimab also confirmed the encouraging antitumor activity of this combination therapy in advanced HCC.¹⁶ Furthermore, HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies have a synergistic effect on the antitumor activity.²³ These theories and the results of these studies support the application of HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies for the treatment of HCC. At our center, this combination therapy has been widely used as a treatment modality for patients with advanced HCC. A total of 487 patients with initially unresectable HCC were treated with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies, and 67 patients underwent surgery because of tumor shrinkage and downstaging after combination therapy. The conversion rate was 13.7%, which was better than 11.1% and 12.7% reported in previous studies.^16,17 Furthermore, the tumor size and AFP levels significantly decreased, suggesting that the combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies is an effective treatment for initially unresectable HCC.

The current study supports the feasibility and potential benefit of hepatectomy after conversion therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies in patients with initially unresectable HCC who respond to combination therapy. In our study, the median OS was 28.7 months, which was better than 19.2 months reported in the IMbravel 150²⁴ and 17.9 months reported in a phase II trial on lenvatinib and toripalimab plus HAIC.¹⁶ The difference in OS demonstrated the effect of hepatectomy after combination therapy on the survival of patients with advanced HCC. Resection of intrahepatic tumors following combination therapy was also safe, despite the fact that more than half of the patients underwent major hepatectomy in our study. Most patients recovered from postoperative complications following symptomatic treatment. Furthermore, we thought that the tumors had to be removed even when they were completely necrotic after the combination therapy because residual viable intrahepatic lesions could develop resistance to combination therapy, thus resulting in disease progression. There is a discrepancy between radiological and pathological characteristics.^23,25 The pathological characteristics could help clinicians accurately evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy based on the proportion of tumor necrosis and develop appropriate postoperative treatment strategies for patients.²⁶

We analyzed the factors influencing survival after surgical resection and obtained intriguing results. AFP-secreting HCC is more aggressive and has a worse prognosis than HCC without AFP production.²⁷ Our study demonstrated that patients with both normal baseline and preoperative APF had the worst DFS, which has not been previously investigated. pCR was observed in 23 patients whose DFS was better than that of those without pCR. This not only indicated that HCC had been cured by combination therapy, but also showed that tumor response after combination therapy played a vital role in tumor recurrence. However, no difference in OS was observed between the patients with and without pCR. These results were also reported by Majno et al,²⁸ in which patients with total tumor necrosis had better DFS, instead of OS, when compared to non-responders. Furthermore, MVI is a critical determinant of early recurrence and survival in HCC.²⁹ In our study, better DFS was observed in patients without MVI, and MVI was the only prognostic factor for OS. Therefore, we hypothesized that patients with MVI should receive postoperative adjuvant treatment to prevent tumor recurrence and initiated a clinical trial on postoperative adjuvant treatment for patients with MVI (NCT05311319).

pCR has been reported to be associated with excellent survival outcomes in patients with HCC treated with TACE or TKIs combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies.^30–32 Various factors influenced pCR, including HBV DNA load ≤ 1×10² IU/mL, AFP ≤ 20 ng/mL, maximum tumor size ≤ 5 cm, multiple preoperative TACE sessions, and CR based on mRECIST.³³ In a study by Huang et al,³¹ AFP before surgery, AFP response (a change from a positive status at baseline to a negative status before resection), and radiographic response were predictors of pCR in patients with HCC who received TKIs plus anti-PD-1 antibodies. In the current study, more single tumors, unilobar tumors, and PVTT were observed in patients with pCR, and multivariable logistic regression revealed that tumor number was related to pCR. In fact, we found that effective treatment is usually observed in patients with single large tumors after combination therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies in clinical practice. We hypothesized that necrosis occurred in the large tumor because of the tumor blood supply before treatment, and more drugs could accumulate in a single tumor, thus leading to total tumor necrosis after the combination therapy. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Our study had several limitations. First, this was a single-center retrospective study with a small sample size, which could have led to a selection bias. Second, combination therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies has not been officially approved, and different TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies have been used. Finally, the follow-up period was relatively short, and some important results will be observed after a long follow-up period. Considering these limitations, more multicenter and large-scale clinical trials are needed to explore the role of HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies followed by hepatectomy in the treatment of initially unresectable HCC.

In conclusion, our study confirmed that the combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies could convert unresectable HCC into resectable HCC. Patients who underwent hepatectomy after combination therapy achieved favorable survival outcomes. Changes in AFP levels, microscopic vascular invasion, and pCR were prognostic factors for patients. The tumor number was associated with pCR after combination therapy with HAIC, TKIs, and anti-PD-1 antibodies in patients with HCC.

Abbreviations

HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; TARE, transarterial radioembolization; HAIC, Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; ORR, overall response rate; FUSCC, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; mRECIST, modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PHLF, posthepatectomy liver failure; pCR, pathological complete response; DFS, Disease-free survival; OS, Overall survival; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; HBV, hepatitis B virus; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombosis; MVI, microscopic vascular invasion.

Data Sharing Statement

Data from the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The patients in the FUSCC cohort included in the study signed informed consent forms. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Approval No. 1612167-18).

Consent for Publication

Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

Disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in this work.

Acknowledgments

We thank all patients included for their contributions to the present study.

Additional information

Funding

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81874182), National Science and Technology Major Project (2018ZX10723204-007-004), Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (201940043), and the Shanghai Hospital Development Center (SHDC12019X19).