Validation of an HIV-related stigma scale among health care providers in a resource-poor Ethiopian setting

Abstract

Background

Stigma and discrimination (SAD) against people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are barriers affecting effective responses to HIV. Understanding the causes and extent of SAD requires the use of a psychometrically reliable and valid scale. The objective of this study was to validate an HIV-related stigma scale among health care providers in a resource-poor setting.

Methods

A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in 18 health care institutions in southwest Ethiopia, from March 14, 2011 to April 14, 2011. A total of 255 health care providers responded to questionnaires asking about sociodemographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, perceived institutional support (PIS) and HIV-related SAD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component extraction and varimax with Kaiser normalization rotation were employed to develop scales for SAD. Eigenvalues greater than 1 were used as a criterion of extraction. Items with item-factor loadings less than 0.4 and items loading onto more than one factor were dropped. The convergent validity of the scales was tested by assessing the association with HIV knowledge, PIS, training on topics related to SAD, educational status, HIV case load, presence of an antiretroviral therapy (ART) service in the health care facility, and perceived religiosity.

Results

Seven factors emerged from the four dimensions of SAD during the EFA. The factor loadings of the items ranged from 0.58 to 0.93. Cronbach’s alphas of the scales ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. An in-depth knowledge of HIV, perceptions of institutional support, attendance of training on topics related to SAD, degree or higher education levels, high HIV case loads, the availability of ART in the health care facility and claiming oneself as nonreligious were all negatively associated with SAD as measured by the seven newly identified latent factors.

Conclusion

The findings in this study demonstrate that the HIV-related stigma scale is valid and reliable when used in resource-poor settings. Considering the local situation, health care managers and researchers may use this scale to measure and characterize HIV-related SAD among health care providers. Tailoring for local regions may require further development of the tool.

Keywords:

• stigma
• discrimination
• health care providers
• HIV

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Oromia Regional Health Bureau and Jimma University for funding the study. Our heartfelt thanks go to the study participants, supervisors, and data collectors. We are also grateful to Dr Charlotte Hanlon for editing the final manuscript.

Author contributions

GTF was involved in the design of the study, data analysis, and interpretation of the findings, and prepared both the manuscript and the report. LA was involved in the design of the study, data analysis, and review of the report. EG was involved in the design of the study, analysis and interpretation of the data, and review of the report. MW was involved in the study design, analysis and interpretation of the data, and writing and review of the report and manuscript. All the authors have read and agreed on the final manuscript.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.