Splitting, impulsivity, and intimate partnerships in young obese women seeking bariatric treatment

Abstract

Background

Splitting represents a defense mechanism that describes fragmentation of conscious experience that may occur in various psychopathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of splitting with disturbed cognitive and affective functions related to impulsivity and intimate partnerships in a group of obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment and compare the results with other obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa.

Methods

In this clinical study, we assessed 102 young women. The sample was divided into three subgroups: obese women (N=30), obese women indicated for bariatric treatment (N=48), and patients with bulimia nervosa (N=24). The patients were assessed using Splitting Index and Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and selected information about their intimate partnership was documented for all the participants.

Results

The main results of this study indicate significant differences in the relationship of splitting and impulsivity with difficulties in intimate partnerships. These differences discriminate obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment from other obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa.

Conclusion

These findings may have significant implications for treatment of the obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment and their presurgery psychological evaluations.

Keywords:

• splitting
• impulsivity
• obesity
• bulimia nervosa
• bariatric treatment

Introduction

According to recent findings, disturbed intimate relationships, sexual dysfunctions, and other mental health problems have high prevalence in obese women and are particularly significant in patients seeking bariatric surgery.^1–8 For example, the results of one study show that ~60% of the patients seeking bariatric surgery report sexual dysfunctions and other difficulties in sexual satisfaction and intimate relationships.² On the other hand, several studies indicate that bariatric treatment may significantly improve these dysfunctions, quality of life, and decrease depressive symptoms.^9–14

Recent studies indicate that obese women have higher impulsivity,^15–18 and this impulsive behavior mainly increases in binge eating patients.^19,20 On the other hand, some data show decreased nonfood-related impulsivity in patients who achieved a substantial weight loss after bariatric surgery.²¹

According to the current findings, there is no evidence how increased impulsivity and disturbed intimate partnerships are related to conflicting and unstable perceptual and emotional patterns represented by unexpected shifts between idealization and devaluation of other persons and the self, and this condition is described in the objective relations theory as “splitting”.^22,23 Splitting reflects shifts of mind related to a consciously experienced conflict of opposing mental forces and fragmentation of conscious experience typically related to long-term or acute stressful experiences disturbing self-concept, identity, memory, and perception of the external world.^22–26 Basic concept of splitting within object relations theory was described by Kernberg,²² who used the process of splitting as a specific characteristic of cognitive and affective disturbances in borderline personality disorder and other mental diseases with close links to impulsivity.^22,27

As described earlier, in the current literature, there is no evidence about specific relationships of splitting and impulsivity with other mental health problems in patients with eating disorders, although increased impulsivity has been reported in these patients.^15–18 In this context, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of psychological process of splitting and impulsivity with problems in intimate relationships in patients manifesting recurrent overeating, specifically focusing on patients seeking bariatric treatment.

Methods

Participants

In this cross-sectional study, the participants were recruited from outpatients of the Na Homolce Hospital in Prague. All participants signed informed consent and the study was approved by Charles University ethical committee. The participants had been diagnosed with obesity or mental bulimia characterized by recurrent overeating, and these data samples were collected according to power analysis of the previous results with respect to most probable statistical significance in subsamples defined by diagnostic criteria. Exclusion criteria were organic illnesses involving the central nervous system, substance and/or alcohol abuse, and mental retardation (IQ [Raven] lower than 90).²⁸ Clinical diagnoses were based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria, and all clinical assessments were done using clinical interviews. In the clinical study, we assessed 102 young women (mean age 26.42 years; standard deviation [SD] =4.016; age range 18–37 years) predominantly with high school education. The sample was divided into three subgroups: obese women (N=30), obese women indicated for bariatric treatment (N=48), and patients with bulimia nervosa (N=24). The patients were assessed using Splitting Index (SI) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and selected information regarding their intimate partnership was documented for all the participants. This assessment of intimate relationships mainly focused on the number of intimate relationships lasting longer than 6 months, age at the first coitus, number of sexual partners during lifetime, number of occasional sexual partners during lifetime, sexual intercourse out of partnership, and satisfaction with sexual life.

Psychometric measures

The symptoms of splitting were measured using self-reported Splitting Index (SI)²³ that has been proposed to test the defense mechanisms described by Kernberg.²² SI is a 24-item self-reported questionnaire assessed on a five-point Likert scale from 1 to 5 (Cronbach’s alpha 0.92).

Symptoms of impulsivity were measured using self-reported eleventh revised version of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11).²⁹ The BIS-11 is a 30-item self-reported questionnaire assessed on a four-point Likert Scale from 1 to 4 (Cronbach’s alpha 0.82).

Statistical methods

Statistical evaluations of psychometric measures included mean, standard deviation, Spearman correlation, and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA). All the methods of statistical evaluation were performed using the software package Statistica version 6.

Results

The group of participants (N=102) was divided into three subgroups. These subgroups included obese women (N=30), obese women indicated for bariatric treatment (N=48), and patients with bulimia nervosa (N=24). Analysis of the data using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA statistically significantly discriminates all the assessed parameters (number of sexual partners during lifetime, number of occasional sexual partners during lifetime, sexual intercourse out of partnership, and satisfaction with sexual life) between the subgroups of obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment and the other obese patients (with exception of age at the first coitus; z>3.077, P<0.0063). The results of the Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA do not distinguish certain variables discriminating between bariatric patients and bulimia nervosa (eg, number of sexual partners during lifetime, number of occasional sexual partners during lifetime; Table 1). The results show significantly higher level of splitting and impulsivity among bariatric patients in comparison to the other obese patients but lower levels of impulsivity and splitting in bariatric patients compared to the patients with bulimia nervosa.

Table 1 Statistical comparison of obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment with the control groups of other obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa

Variables	Obese (bariatric)	Obese	Bulimia nervosa
Age, years
Mean	26.39	26.82	26.68
SD	0.64	0.84	0.90
Marital status, mean (single =1, married = 2)	1.50	1.18	1.16
Weight
Mean	119.08	94.50	59.21
SD	2.64	3.47	3.73
BMI, kg/m^2
Mean	41.90	31.97	21.42
SD	0.83	1.09	1.17
Age at the first coitus	16.61	17.41	16.84
Number of intimate relationships longer than 6 months	2.13	2.27	2.37
Number of sexual partners during lifetime	10.95	7.27	12.95
Number of occasional sexual partners during lifetime	4.24	1.59	6.05
Sexual intercourse out of partnership (No =1, Yes =2)	1.42	1.50	1.47
Satisfaction with sexual life (No =1, Yes =2)	1.62	1.56	1.43
BIS
Mean	46.95	40.50	55.13
SD	4.45	5.85	6.30
CI −95%	38.10	28.86	42.6
CI +95%	55.81	52.15	67.67
SI
Mean	88.65	75.59	104.95
SD	8.89	11.68	12.57
CI −95%	70.95	52.34	79.92
CI +95%	106.34	98.85	129.77

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; BIS, Barratt Impulsivity Scale; SI, Splitting Index; CI, confidence interval.

Other results of this study show specific relationships of splitting and impulsivity with variables indicating intimate partnerships in the patients looking for bariatric treatment and their comparison with the control group of obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa (Table 2).

Table 2 Associations of splitting and impulsivity with variables describing intimate relationships

Variables	Whole sample		Obese		Obese bariatric		Bulimia nervosa
	BIS	SI	BIS	SI	BIS	SI	BIS	SI
Age	0.01	0.00	−0.03	−0.05	0.12	0.12	−0.10	−0.10
Marital status	−0.38**	−0.38**	−0.42*	−0.42*	−0.39**	−0.39**	−0.02	−0.02
Education	−0.08	−0.08	−0.29	−0.30	−0.15	−0.15	0.07	0.06
Weight	−0.28**	−0.29**	−0.21	−0.22	−0.08	−0.08	0.19	0.19
Body mass index	−0.27**	−0.27**	−0.08	−0.09	−0.11	−0.10	0.24	0.24
Age at the first coitus	−0.42**	−0.42**	−0.49**	−0.49**	−0.41**	−0.40**	−0.48*	−0.48*
No of intimate relationships longer than 6 months	0.45**	0.44**	0.75**	0.75**	0.41**	0.41**	0.18	0.18
No of sexual partners during lifetime	0.89**	0.89**	0.91**	0.91**	0.88**	0.89**	0.80**	0.81**
No of occasional sexual partners during lifetime	0.80**	0.80**	0.68**	0.68**	0.83**	0.83**	0.78**	0.79**
Sexual intercourse out of partnership	0.50**	0.49**	0.48**	0.48**	0.57**	0.56**	0.43*	0.43*
Satisfaction with sexual life	−0.28**	−0.29**	−0.01	0.00	−0.41**	−0.41**	−0.08	−0.07
BIS	–	0.99**	–	0.99**	–	0.99**	–	0.99**

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: BIS, Barratt Impulsivity Scale; SI, Splitting Index.

The results also show significant positive correlations of splitting and impulsivity with higher number of sexual partners during lifetime, number of occasional sexual partners during lifetime, and sexual intercourse out of partnership, and negative correlations of high level of splitting and impulsivity with lower satisfaction with sexual life and younger age at the first coitus (Table 2).

In summary, the results distinguish bariatric subgroup of patients from the other patients in their subjective experiences of sexual life. These experiences in bariatric patients manifest significant relationships with splitting and impulsivity that were not observed in the other obese patients and the control subgroup of patients with bulimia nervosa (Table 2).

Discussion

The main results of this study indicate significant differences in splitting, impulsivity, and difficulties in intimate relationships that discriminate obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment from the other obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa. These data show higher levels of splitting and impulsivity among bariatric patients in comparison to the other obese patients. On the other hand, bariatric patients have lower levels of impulsivity and splitting in comparison to the patients with bulimia nervosa, who in agreement with recent findings have significant difficulties with impulsive behavior and other mental health problems.^30,31 The results also show specific differences in patients indicated to bariatric treatment, suggesting a close relationship of satisfaction in intimate relationships with symptoms of impulsivity and splitting, which distinguishes bariatric patients from other obese patients and patients with bulimia nervosa. One of the most important findings of this study with respect to future research is the close relationship of satisfaction in intimate relationships with symptoms of impulsivity and splitting that would be very useful to assess in longitudinal studies. These data are in agreement with findings indicating that women seeking bariatric surgery represent a population with ~60% occurrence of substantial sexual function impairment² that is significantly related to disturbed partnerships.^11–14

Conclusion

The novel finding of this study represents the relationship between cognitive and affective disturbances in bariatric patients and the process of splitting. These results show that the scores of splitting in bariatric patients are significantly higher in comparison to the other obese patients but lower than in patients with bulimia nervosa. These findings may have significant implications for treatment of the obese patients indicated for bariatric treatment and possible influences of psychotherapy. In addition, these data suggest that a detailed examination of unstable patterns of identity and intimate relationships may have significant implications for conceptualization and understanding of psychological factors in the pathogenesis of obesity per se. In this context, future studies could consider other important factors and data which are not included in this study and represent certain limitations with respect to more detailed knowledge about the process of splitting in these patients. For example, relationships of the symptoms of splitting with specific symptoms that manifest in patients with eating disorders and other psychopathological symptoms, such as symptoms of traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and dissociative symptoms, might be useful to consider, and more detailed assessment and analysis of the symptoms associated with borderline personality disorder and more details about the intimate partnerships would be useful to investigate. This suggests a hypothesis for further research that the higher levels of splitting may be related to increased occurrence of noncompliance and nonadherence to postsurgery adaptation and presurgery psychological evaluation to indicate or contraindicate the bariatric treatment.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the Charles University grant (PRVOUK and SVV), Project GACR P407/12/1957, and the project “CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology” (CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0068) from the European Regional Development Fund.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.