Electroconvulsive Therapy Practice in Thailand: A Nationwide Survey

Abstract

Objective

To determine the characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice in Thailand.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of ECT practice in Thailand was conducted. A questionnaire was sent to all 34 hospitals providing ECT services nationwide. ECT staff of each hospital were asked to complete the questionnaire.

Results

All 34 hospitals responded to the survey. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (5,958 patients/year), followed by bipolar disorder (982 patients/year) and major depressive disorder (869 patients/year). Brief pulse device was used in all hospitals. Bitemporal ECT was the most common type of electrode placement (88.2%), followed by bifrontal (44.1%) and right unilateral (38.2%) placement. The initial dose was determined by titration method in 24 hospitals (70.6%) and by age-based method in the remainder (29.4%). Modified ECT was always used in 25 hospitals (73.5%), including all university hospitals, 6 psychiatric hospitals (17.6%) and 10 general hospitals (29.4%). The primary anesthetics used were thiopentone (60.7%) and propofol (39.3%). Regarding acute ECT, ECT was performed three times per week in most hospitals (91.2%). The number of acute ECT treatment sessions in most hospitals was in the range of 4–6. In total, 22 hospitals (64.7%) performed continuation/maintenance ECT. Headache was the most common adverse event, followed by cognitive side effects and myalgia.

Conclusion

ECT practice in Thailand has developed over the past two decades in many aspects. The most notable change is that the majority of patients are now treated with modified ECT. In addition, pre-treatment investigations, use of a device providing a brief pulse, unilateral electrode placement, and the monitoring of parameters during treatment are now used more widely in practice to maximize treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. However, certain aspects of ECT can still be improved; promoting ECT education among psychiatrists and psychiatry residents could improve the quality of practice, for example.

Keywords:

• electroconvulsive therapy
• acute ECT
• continuation ECT
• maintenance ECT
• survey
• Thailand

Data Sharing Statement

The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Informed Consent Statement

All participants provided written informed consent.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the staff at the Electroconvulsive Therapy Clinic of Ramathibodi Hospital for their assistance with the data collection, and all other ECT staff who completed the questionnaire. We also thank Michael Irvine, PhD, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

All authors received salary support from Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Pichai Ittasakul received lecture honoraria from Jassen, Pfizer, and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.