Abstract
Aim
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in an elderly population in Nepal.
Subjects and methods
This is a population-based, cross-sectional study. A sample size of 2,100 was calculated. A total of 1,860 (88.6%) subjects aged >60 years were enrolled for the study from 30 clusters in the district. Detailed history, visual acuity, and anterior segment and posterior segment examinations were performed. AMD was graded according to the International ARM Epidemiological Study Group.
Results
Among the total study population, 659 subjects had any AMD (35.43%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.25–37.65), 484 had mild dry AMD (26.02%; 95% CI: 24.04–28.08), 143 had intermediate dry AMD (7.69%; 95% CI: 6.52–8.99), 19 had geographic atrophy (1.02%; 95% CI: 0.61–1.59), and 13 had wet AMD (0.70%; 95% CI: 0.37–1.19). The overall prevalence of early and late AMD was 33.71% and 1.72%, respectively. Among subjects with dry and wet AMD, 36.53% and 46.1% had visual impairment, while 2.78% and 23.08% were blind, respectively. In multivariate analysis, AMD was significantly higher in subjects with an increased number of cigarettes smoked per day (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04; P=0.007) and in subjects with pseudophakia (OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.12–1.87; P=0.005).
Conclusion
One-third of the population aged ≥60 years have some form of AMD. There was a significant association with the number of cigarettes consumed and with previous cataract surgery.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal, and Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, for funding of this study. Likewise, we would like to acknowledge all the patients who participated in this study and the Bhaktapur Municipality. Professor Paul S Bernstein, MD, PhD, of the Moran Eye Center of the University of Utah, USA, edited the manuscript.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.