Abstract
Purpose:
To evaluate the midterm efficacy and safety of the iStent® glaucoma device in patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma.
Patients and methods:
A prospective, nonrandomized, interventional case series involving 10 patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma (traumatic, steroid, pseudoexfoliative, and pigmentary glaucoma) of recent onset who underwent ab interno implantation iStent. Patients were assessed following the procedure on days 1, 7, and 15 and months 1, 3, 6, and 12, and examinations included visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using Goldmann tonometry, number of glaucoma medications, and complications. Wilcoxon rank-test for data with abnormal distribution was used for the analysis of IOP and glaucoma medications at baseline versus 3, 6, and 12 months following the procedure.
Results:
The mean baseline IOP was 26.5 ± 7.9 (range 18–40) mmHg, and significantly decreased in 10.4 ± 9.2 mmHg at three months (P < 0.05), in 7.4 ± 4.9 mmHg at six months (P < 0.05), and in 6.6 ± 5.4 mmHg at 12 months (P < 0.05) following iStent implantation. The mean number of hypotensive medications at baseline was 2.9 ± 0.7 (range 2–4). Statistically significant reductions in the number of medications of 1.1 ± 1.1 were observed at three months (P < 0.05), 1.0 ± 0.7 at six months (P < 0.05), and 1.1 ± 0.6 at 12 months (P < 0.05). No significant changes in visual acuity were noted. The most common complications comprised mild hyphema in seven eyes and transient IOP ≥30 mmHg in three eyes on postoperative day 1. Obstruction of the lumen of the stent with a blood clot was seen in three eyes, and all instances resolved spontaneously.
Conclusion:
The iStent is a safe and effective treatment option in patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma, and reduces the topical treatment burden in one hypotensive medication.
Introduction
In primary open-angle glaucoma, the site that offers greater resistance to outflow in the aqueous humor circulation is the juxtacanalicular meshwork. In the pseudoexfoliation syndrome,Citation1,Citation2 pigment dispersion syndrome,Citation3,Citation4 post-traumatic angle recession,Citation5–Citation7 or chronic treatment with steroids,Citation8–Citation10 this resistance may appear at different levels, such as pretrabecular or trabecular, leading to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and thus to the optic neuropathy known as secondary open-angle glaucoma. Bypassing this point of greatest resistance would restore the outflow and regulate IOP.
The iStent® (Glaukos Corporation, Laguna Hills, CA) is a new titanium device designed to be placed within Schlemm’s canal, which connects directly to the anterior chamber. By means of bypassing the trabecular meshwork, this 60 μg weight stent with a snorkel bore diameter of 120 μm facilitates the outflow of aqueous humor into the collector channels that carry it to the episcleral veins.Citation11 Recent studies have shown that in primary open-angle glaucoma, the iStent controls the physiologic flow of aqueous humor through the conventional route and restores the IOP.Citation12,Citation13
The effectiveness of this new device depends on the permeability of the post-trabecular system (Schlemm’s canal and collector channels). Currently, there is no scanning technique available to assess the permeability of routes beyond the trabecular meshwork; therefore, we do not know a priori if implantation of a trabecular iStent is able to restore the aqueous humor drainage completely. However, clinically we have indirect signs of a well functioning post-trabecular system, such as blood reflux on gonioscopy with three-mirror lens. When the pretrabecular injury is de novo, we assume that the other angle structures are unaffected with proper function. Based on this hypothesis, all patients with ocular hypertension or newly diagnosed glaucoma and previously normotensive, who presented with increased IOP induced by trabecular mechanism, either due to pseudoexfoliation material, pigment dispersion, use of steroids, or secondary trabecular injury after angular recession, were assumed to have normal post-trabecular permeability and were potential candidates for this surgical procedure.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the iStent in reducing IOP in patients with this type of secondary open-angle glaucoma.
Material and methods
This was a prospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative, interventional case series. All subjects were patients from the Glaucoma Department of the Instituto Condal de Oftalmologia, Barcelona. Prior to study enrollment, all participants provided informed consent to participate in the study which adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The study involved 10 eyes of 10 patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma (traumatic, pseudoexfoliative, steroid, or pigmentary glaucoma) of recent onset, ie, less than three months. Other inclusion criteria were an IOP ≥18 mmHg (in at least two consecutive consultations) as suggested in previous studies,Citation14–Citation16 current use of at least one glaucoma medication, a visible scleral spur with gonioscopy, and readiness and willingness to attend follow-up visits for at least one year. We excluded any type of glaucoma other than the ones already mentioned. Other exclusion criteria were presence of angle closure, history of any glaucoma surgery or cyclodestructive procedure, elevated episcleral venous pressure, cloudy cornea or corneal opacities likely to prevent the surgeon from achieving a clear gonioscopic view of the nasal angle, or peripheral anterior synechiae in the nasal angle.
Data collected from each subject before surgery included age, gender, affected eye, type of secondary glaucoma, concurrent eye diseases, visual acuity, IOP, and number of hypotensive medications. Follow-up examination were performed on days 1, 7, and 15 and at months 1, 3, 6, and 12, and comprised visual acuity, slit lamp examination, gonioscopic evaluation of the location of the stent, IOP (Goldmann tonometry), number of hypotensive medications used, and complications.
No washout of hypotensive medications prior to surgery was required. Patients discontinued use of all glaucoma medications in the immediate postoperative period and were instructed to restart the treatment only if the investigator determined that additional lowering of IOP was needed.
Surgical procedure
The iStent is a L-shaped titanium trabecular stent. Its long arm has a sharpened end, which allows drilling of the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm’s canal (intraluminal portion). The shorter arm remains located in the anterior chamber (extraluminal portion). All surgeries were performed by one of the authors (SD). Topical anesthesia with 1% hydrochloride tetracaine, and 4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride was used in all cases. After performing a 1.4 mm self-sealing temporal corneal incision, a viscoelastic agent (1% sodium hyaluronate) was injected to fill the anterior chamber. The nasal trabeculum was identified using a Swan-Jacobs gonioprism. Under gonioscopic view, the iStent attached at the end of a hand-piece applicator was introduced into the anterior chamber and positioned into the Schlemm’s channel. While performing this maneuver, blood reflux was sometimes observed, indicating that the stent was correctly positioned. The stent was easily released by pressing the button on the applicator, and the viscoelastic agent was removed by manual aspiration. In the early postoperative period, a fixed combination of tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drops (Tobradex®, Alcon Inc, Fort Worth, TX) were administered three times daily for two weeks. Hypotensive agents were administered as needed.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Wilcoxon rank-test for data with abnormal distribution was used for the analysis of IOP and number of glaucoma medications before surgery versus months 3, 6, and 12 after surgery. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Ten iStents were implanted between October 10, 2005 and March 5, 2007. Five patients underwent ocular surgeries prior to iStent implantation (). The mean age was 54.4 ± 7.9 years and 90% were male. Four eyes were diagnosed with traumatic glaucoma, four eyes with steroid glaucoma, one eye with pigmentary glaucoma, and one eye with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Mean follow up was 12.7 ± 4.6 months. Of the 10 patients enrolled in the study, eight completed the 12-month follow-up. One patient was excluded from the study because IOP was not controlled with maximum medication at six months and consequently required trabeculectomy. The second patient was lost after the three-month visit when he returned to his country of origin.
Table 1 Demographics of the study population
The average pre-iStent IOP was 26.5 ± 7.9 (range 18–40) mmHg, and the stent effectively decreased the IOP over the following 12 months ( and ). Statistical analysis was performed at months 3, 6, and 12, taking into account the change in the number of patients, ie, n = 10 at three months, n = 9 at six months, and n = 8 at 12 months. At all three time points, a decrease in mean IOP was observed, resulting in 17.0 ± 2.5 mmHg at 12 months ().
Figure 1 Mean IOP at each study visit.
Table 2 Intraocular pressure over time by patient
Table 3 Mean intraocular pressure at baseline and months 3, 6, and 12
This reduction in IOP was statistically significant after iStent implantation at three months (10.4 ± 9.2 mmHg, n = 10, P < 0.05), at six months (7.4 ± 4.9 mmHg, n = 9, P < 0.05), and at 12 months (6.6 ± 5.4 mmHg, n = 8, P < 0.05). The proportion of patients that achieved an IOP ≤18 mmHg was 70% (n = 7) at three months, 77.7% (n = 7) at six months, and 75% (n = 6) at 12 months.
The average number of hypotensive medications pre-iStent was 2.9 ± 0.7 and ranged from two to four medications. The mean number of hypotensive medications over time is illustrated in . The study showed a significant reduction in the number of medications of 1.1 ± 1.1 (P < 0.05) at three months, 1.0 ± 0.7 (P < 0.05) at six months, and 1.1 ± 0.6 (P < 0.05) at 12 months postoperatively.
Figure 2 Mean number of hypotensive medications used at each study visit.
After implantation of the iStent, an IOP of ≤18 mmHg was achieved by 12.5% (1/8) without use of hypotensive medications and by 87.5% (7/8) with at least one medication. At 12 months, 25% (2/8) needed at least two glaucoma medications.
Complications related to the surgical procedure included malposition of the iStent in one case that required a surgical repositioning which was successful. The most common postoperative complications were mild hyphema at 24 hours postprocedure (n = 7 or 70%), IOP ≥30 mmHg on postoperative day 1 (n = 4 or 40%), that was medically controlled yet persisted in two eyes up to seven days, and corneal edema (n = 2 or 20%) which resolved without sequelae. Obstruction of the lumen of the stent with a blood clot was seen in three eyes (30%) which spontaneously resolved without the need for antifibrinolytic therapy. In this series of patients, there was no occlusion of the iStent due to the iris. In addition, no hypotony, choroidal detachment, temporary flattening of the anterior chamber, or endophthalmitis occurred. No significant changes were observed in visual acuity.
The patient who required trabeculectomy had had previous surgery for traumatic glaucoma with pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification.
Discussion
In all types of secondary glaucoma (due to pseudoexfoliation, pigment, trauma, or steroids), obstruction and consequent increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humor through the conventional route cause increases IOP. We believe that in patients with de novo increased IOP, who previously have had normal IOP or recent history of glaucoma, the permeability of Schlemm’s canal and collecting channels should be intact and function properly. Performing a bypass of the trabecular meshwork between the anterior chamber and Schlemm’s canal and restoring the physiologic aqueous humor outflow might be an effective treatment option in this type of glaucoma. Because there are currently no available tools to evaluate the permeability of the conventional route, it is very important to assess slit lamp findings carefully, looking for indirect signs of blood reflux into Schlemm’s canal using a goniolens or three mirror lens, as well as to take a thorough clinical history in order to determine the proper indication of iStent. Assuming that a well functioning iStent would increase the outflow of aqueous humor at the trabecular level, the percentage of IOP reduction would theoretically be higher in hypertensive than in normotensive eyes.Citation13
The effectiveness of the iStent may depend on or be related to the permeability of the drainage system beyond Schlemm’s canal. However, the long-term effectiveness of any device that bypasses the trabecular meshwork depends on scarring around the intraluminal portion of the iStent, which may be a limiting factor in aqueous humor flow through the stent.Citation11 Theoretic models show that increased flow through the trabecular bypass would lead to an expansion of Schlemm’s canal and collecting channels, which would further diminish the resistance to flow in eyes with glaucoma, from the anterior chamber into the aqueous veins.Citation12
The existence of blockages at other levels beyond Schlemm’s canal may be one of the causes of failure of this surgical procedure. Therefore, being able to predict the status of these drainage pathways is essential to prognosticate the future effectiveness of the iStent. Several studies have shown that, by bypassing the trabecular meshwork, the IOP decreases steadily in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma when the iStent is implanted concomitantly with phacoemulsification. Spiegel et alCitation14,Citation15 reported decreases in IOP of 25% (5.7 ± 3.8 mmHg) in 47 patients with an initial IOP of 21.5 ± 3.7 mmHg, and a reduction of 0.5 ± 0.8 in the number of hypotensive medications per day to six months. Samuelson et alCitation16 described a decrease in IOP of 18.3% (4.4 mmHg) with an initial IOP of 21.7 mmHg at 12 months in 42 patients and a reduction in the number of medications per day of 1.2 ± 0.7. In a multicenter study, Samuelson et alCitation17 compared the iStent with phacoemulsification versus phacoemulsification alone. Preoperative IOPs were 18.4 ± 3.2 with hypotensive medications, and 25.4 ± 3.6 without medications (after a washout period). They found a decrease of >30% (8.4 ± 3.6 mmHg in the iStent with phacoemulsification group and 8.5 ± 4.3 mmHg in the phacoemulsification alone group). They also found a reduction in the number of medications of 1.4 ± 0.8 in the iStent with phacoemulsification group and 1.0 ± 0.8 in the phacoemulsification alone group.
In our series of patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma, iStent insertion achieved IOP reductions of 28.6% (7.4 ± 4.9 mmHg) at six months in nine patients and 27.3% (6.6 ± 5.4 mmHg) at 12 months in eight patients without associated cataract surgery. These percentage values of IOP lowering are superior to those reported in previous studiesCitation14–Citation16 and are similar to the multicenter study of Samuelson et alCitation17 where they compared preoperative IOP without medications. This is probably due to the fact that pretreatment IOP values were greater in our series, with similar absolute values of lowering compared with the other studies mentioned earlier, taking into account that the preoperative IOP was with hypotensive medications. This finding supports the hypothesis that the success of the iStent is greater with increased preoperative IOP.Citation13
The reduction in the number of hypotensive medications in our series was 1.0 ± 0.7 at six months and 1.3 ± 0.6 at 12 months, which are values similar to the series published by Samuelson et alCitation16,Citation17 and higher than in the study conducted by Spiegel et al.Citation15
Our study shows that the insertion of iStent is a safe procedure that does not have any of the more common complications of filtering surgery. Furthermore, the conjunctiva remains intact, so that if a filtering procedure is needed later, the success rate should not be affected. The decrease in the number of medications is a positive factor to consider, because we have found that the implantation of one iStent reduces the topical treatment burden in one medication, making this type of surgery a good option in patients with intolerance to glaucoma eye drops. If we seek a greater reduction in the IOP, we should consider the implantation of more than one device.
For patients with pigmentary glaucoma or pseudoexfoliation, we do not know if there is a direct passage of pigmentary material into Schlemm’s canal and collecting ducts. This consideration should be evaluated in future pathologic studies. The small number of patients is a limitation of our study, so larger and longer-term studies are needed to confirm these results in patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma, considering also the placement of more than one iStent.
Presently, widespread use of intraocular triamcinolone for macular pathology has led to a substantial increase in the incidence of steroid ocular hypertension, which sometimes cannot be managed with topical treatment. In these cases, an iStent might achieve prompt control of IOP with minimal invasive risk, and be extremely convenient and suitable for patients with retinal pathology.
Conclusion
This study shows that iStent implantation without concomitant cataract surgery is a safe treatment option in patients with secondary open-angle glaucoma. The procedure is also effective because it achieves IOP reduction depending on the initial pressure and decreases the burden of topical glaucoma medication.
Acknowledgements
We thank Fernando Sanchez and Cristina Hernandez, Instituto Condal de Oftalmologia, for their help in recording patient data and providing photographs.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
- StefanCTebeanuENenciuAPseudoexfoliative glaucomaOftalmologia Romanian200751505218064953
- GottankaJFlugel-KochCMartusPJohnsonDHLutjen-DrecollECorrelation of pseudoexfoliative material and optic nerve damage in pseudoexfoliation syndromeInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci199738243524469375560
- CampbellDGPigmentary dispersion and glaucoma: A new theoryArch Ophthalmol19799716671672475638
- GottankaJJohnsonDHGrehnFLütjen-DrecollEHistologic findings in pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucomaJ Glaucoma20061514215116633228
- MannersTSalmonJFBar ronAWilliesCMurrayADNTrabeculectomy with mitomycin C in the treatment of post-traumatic angle recession glaucomaBr J Ophthalmol20018515916311159478
- CanavanYMArcherDBAnterior segment consequences of blunt ocular injuryBr J Ophthalmol1982665495556980668
- De La CámaraJSeffinoEGlaucoma por recesión angularArch Soc Esp Oftal1977373752 Spanish.
- WeinrebRNBloomEBaxterJDDetection of glucocorticoid receptors in cultured human trabecular cellsInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci1981214034077275526
- WilsonKMcCartneyMDMiggansSTClarkAFDexamethasone induced ultrastructural changes in cultured human trabecular meshwork cellsCurr Eye Res1993127837938261790
- SamplesJRAlexanderJPFiskAAcottTSRegulation of the levels of human trabecular matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor by interleukin-1 and dexamethasoneInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci199334338633958225873
- BahlerCKSmedleyGTZhouJJohnsonDHTrabecular bypass stents decrease intraocular pressure in cultured human anterior segmentsAm J Ophthalmol200413898899415629290
- ZhouJSmedleyGTTrabecular bypass: Effect of Schlemm canal and collection channel dilationJ Glaucoma20061544645516988609
- ZhouJSmedleyGTA trabecular bypass flow hypothesisJ Glaucoma200514748315650609
- SpiegelDWetzelWStürmerJCo-existent open-angle glaucoma and cataract: Treatment by cataract surgery and the i-Stent trabecular bypass micro stentPoster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology2005 May 1–5Fort Lauderdale, FL
- SpiegelDGarcía-FeijoóJGarcía-SanchezJLamielleHCoexistent primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract: Preliminary analysis of treatment by cataract surgery and the iStent trabecular micro-bypass stentAdv Ther20082545346418594784
- SamuelsonTWKatzJ12-month analysis of the i-Stent trabecular micro-bypass and concurrent cataract surgeryPoster presented at the American Glaucoma Society Annual Meeting2007 Mar 1–4San Francisco, CA
- SamuelsonTWKatzLJWellsJMDuhYJGiamporcaroJEUS iStent Study GroupRandomized evaluation of the trabecular micro-bypass stent with phacoemulsification in patients with glaucoma and cataractOphthalmology201098 [Epub ahead of print].