Abstract
Purpose
The inspection of foveal and parafoveal thickness in healthy pregnant women in the last trimester.
Materials and methods
This study included 40 healthy pregnant women in their last trimester (study group: 40 women, 80 eyes) and 37 nonpregnant women (control group: 37 women, 74 eyes). Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination of anterior and posterior segments, and visual field examination with automated perimetry were performed in both groups. Foveal and parafoveal thickness in the four quadrants (upper, nasal, temporal, and inferior parafoveal) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer were measured by optical coherence tomography. There were no systemic or ocular problems in either group. Findings were analyzed with statistical software. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the study group were: foveal 236.12 ± 27.28 μm, upper quadrant 321.31 ± 12.28 μm, temporal quadrant 307.0 ± 12.05 μm, inferior quadrant 317.0 ± 10.58 μm, and nasal quadrant 313.62 ± 14.51 μm. Mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the control group were: foveal 224.62 ± 21.19 μm, upper quadrant 311.62 ± 12.71 μm, temporal quadrant 296.87 ± 13.78 μm, inferior quadrant 305.43 ± 13.25 μm, and nasal quadrant 304.93 ± 13.44 μm. Mean retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses in the study and control group were 110 ± 12.4 μm and 108 ± 13.1 μm, respectively.
Conclusion
Mean retinal thickness in pregnant women was higher than control group in all measurements. Statistically significant difference in thickness was only found in upper, temporal, and inferior parafoveal areas.
Introduction
During pregnancy, periodical hormonal, metabolic, hematologic, vascular, and immunological changes can be observed.Citation1 Pregnancy hormones may lead to an increase in fluid volume in many tissues of the body. Ocular changes during pregnancy are related to adnexa of eye, anterior and posterior segment, and decreased intraocular pressure.Citation2,Citation3 Ocular changes are usually temporary but occasionally permanent. Changes may be associated with development of new ocular conditions or the exacerbation of preexisting conditions, especially diabetic retinopathy.Citation4,Citation5 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used daily in ophthalmology. With an axial resolution of 4–10 μm, it is used to investigate the vitreoretinal surface for diagnosis, inspection, or follow-up of treatment processes. The increase of fluid in the body, especially in the last trimester, may cause an increase of retinal thickness.
This paper investigates foveal and parafoveal retinal thickness in healthy pregnant women in their last trimester.
Materials and methods
This study included two groups: a study group, which included 40 healthy pregnant women in their last trimester (80 eyes), and a control group, which included 37 healthy nonpregnant women (74 eyes). All participants gave informed consent to the study, and the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed.
A detailed history was taken in all cases, and visual acuity, intraocular pressure, refractive errors, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) were measured. Visual field test was performed in all participants. Anterior and posterior segment were examined under slit lamp (SL-8, Topcon Medical Systems, Inc, Tokyo, Japan). Inclusion criteria for the study group were: healthy pregnant women in their last trimester; visual acuity 0.00 logMAR without correction; no refractive errors higher than −0.50 or +0.50 D; and no history of systemic disease, glaucoma, retinopathy, retinal therapy, or intraocular surgical intervention. Inclusion criteria for the control group were: nonpregnant women; visual acuity 0.00 logMAR without correction; and no history of systemic disease, glaucoma, retinopathy, retinal therapy, or intraocular surgical intervention. Patients who had diabetes mellitus, uveitis, retinopathy, amblyopia, or visual acuity without correction less than 0.00 logMAR, and were younger than 19 years or older than 45 years were excluded.
Foveal thickness at 1 mm, parafoveal thickness at 3 mm diameter, and RNFL (peripapillary area) were measured by OCT (RTVue-100, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA) after mydriasis with tropicamide (Alcon, Inc, Fort Worth, TX) drops 1%. Three measurements were taken from the retina for each eye. The average of three measurements was used in the study. The 6 mm macular map was used to evaluate foveal and parafoveal thickness.
Parafoveal thickness was recorded for upper, temporal, inferior, and nasal quadrants. Findings were analyzed with statistical software NCSS 2007 and PASS 2008 (NCSS, Kaysville, UT). The study evaluated data with descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation) as well as quantitative parameters showing normal distribution comparisons between the two groups using Student’s t-test. In all statistical analyses, a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The study group included 80 eyes of 40 healthy pregnant women (mean age 28.56 ± 4.85 years) and the control group included 74 eyes of 37 healthy nonpregnant women (mean age 27.37 ± 4.5 years). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in mean age, RNFL, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (–). The mean visual acuity was 0.00 logMAR in both groups. Mean intraocular pressure was 16.9 ± 2.9 mmHg in the study group and 19.4 ± 2.8 mmHg in the control group (P < 0.001; ).
Table 1 Age characteristics
Table 2 Mean systolic blood pressure
Table 3 Mean diastolic blood pressure
Table 4 Mean intraocular pressure
Mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the study group were: foveal 236.12 ± 27.28 μm, upper quadrant 321.31 ± 12.28 μm, temporal quadrant 307.0 ± 12.05 μm, inferior quadrant 317.0 ± 10.58 μm, and nasal quadrant 313.62 ± 14.51 μm. Mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the control group were: foveal 224.62 ± 21.19 μm, upper quadrant 311.62 ± 12.71 μm, temporal quadrant 296.87 ± 13.78 μm, inferior quadrant 305.43 ± 13.25 μm, and nasal quadrant 304.93 ± 13.44 μm. Mean RNFL thickness was similar in both groups ().
Table 5 Mean foveal, parafoveal, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses
Discussion
The effects of pregnancy on the eye fall into three categories: (1) in general, healthy pregnant women accumulate 4–6 L fluid in the intra- and extracellular areas over the course of their pregnancy; (2) physiologic changes in pressure, corneal sensitivity, increased corneal thickness, and in visual function can occur; (3) pathologic conditions reported to develop central serous chorioretinopathy, hypertensive and vascular disorders, and uveal melanoma. Pregnancy also can affect preexisting ocular conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, tumors, and immunological disorders.Citation6
OCT has been used for retinal examinations in pregnancy in many studies. The macula is especially affected by pregnancy even when healthy – for example, two studies reported infrequent central serous chorioretinopathy in the third trimester in healthy pregnant women.Citation7,Citation8 Complications of pregnancy, especially preeclampsia, can lead to loss of vision but these often subside postpartum.Citation9,Citation10
During pregnancy and immediately after delivery, OCT may provide information reflecting the relationship between the retina, subretinal space, and retinal pigment epithelium;Citation11 it also used for distinguishing retinal edema from serous neurosensory detachment.Citation12 OCT has been used in diagnosis of serous neuroretinal detachments,Citation11,Citation13 to inspect RNFL in children whose mother smoked during pregnancy,Citation14 to measure retinal thickness in the offspring of diabetic pregnancies,Citation15 and in follow-up of therapy.Citation16 Detection and follow-up of diffuse intraretinal edema in preeclampsia was performed by OCT.Citation17 One study showed that mean threshold retinal sensitivity increased significantly in the third trimester. However, it decreased in the upper and lower temporal quadrant.Citation16,Citation18
Pregnancy also affects retinal sensitivity,Citation18 capillary blood flow,Citation19,Citation20 and intraocular pressure. This study showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower in pregnant women, which is consistent with the literature.Citation21,Citation22
Conclusion
In this study, participants with glaucoma were excluded with measurement of intraocular pressure, visual field tests, and optic disc examination and foveal, parafoveal, and RNFL thickness in healthy pregnant women in their last trimester were compared with a control group. Mean RNFL thickness was similar in both groups. Means of all measurements in foveal and parafoveal thickness were higher in pregnant women than a control group. However, the statistically significant difference in thickness was only found in upper, temporal, and inferior parafoveal areas.
Fluid volume in the body increases during pregnancy secondary to hormonal changes, for example corneal thickness increases during pregnancy. However, the increase of retinal thickness may be secondary to the increase and accumulation of intraretinal or intraretinal cellular fluid.
Further studies with a larger number of patients are required to confirm this difference. The main limitation of this study is the small number of cases.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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