Correlation of NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 with Cytokine Levels in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Abstract

Purpose

Nesfatin-1 is produced in various tissues of the body including the hypothalamus. Neuroprotective properties of the neuropeptide hormone Nesfatin-1 were recently described. The aim of the study was to analyze the molecule Nesfatin-1 as a possible biomarker in POAG with neuroprotective properties pointing out the retinal-hypothalamic axis as target site in POAG and to obtain a molecular signature of cytokines in POAG as neuroinflammatory processes are a key factor of glaucoma development.

Methods

In this study, n=35 patients with moderate and advanced POAG (mean age 65.0y, IOP 13.9±3.0mmHg) and n=35 healthy controls (mean age 51.6y, IOP 14.3±2.7mmHg) were included. Clinical parameters including IOP, cup to disc ratio (CDR), glaucoma medication and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) were recorded. Plasma was collected for NUCB2/nesfatin-1 measurement using a Nesfatin-1 ELISA and for detection of 13 inflammatory cytokines using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay (MagPix). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding factors.

Results

Sex-independent or sex-dependent variables showed no significant differences in the Nesfatin-1 level (p>0.05). As a trend, an increase in NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in male glaucoma patients was found. Increased concentrations of 11 cytokines (GM-CSF, Interferon-γ, Interleukin-1β, IL-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 and TNF-α) were detected in POAG. The female glaucoma patients demonstrated elevated cytokine concentrations compared to male patients. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 showed a significant correlation to IL-2 and IL-13 levels in POAG. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed no difference in NUCB2/nesfatin-1 level between POAG and healthy controls after adjusting for sex and age (all p>0.05).

Conclusion

As a trend, male POAG patients showed increased plasma NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels. We further found inflammation as contributing factor to the pathogenesis of glaucoma, with a greater inflammatory response in women.

Keywords:

• NUCB2/nesfatin-1
• primary open-angle glaucoma
• molecular signature
• cytokines

Introduction

Glaucoma is a complex disorder characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, damage to the optic nerve, and gradual loss of the visual field. It represents the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide—accounting for 8% of global blindness as reported by the World Health Organization.¹ Glaucoma is subdivided into two main groups: Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and closed-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma can be classified depending on the intraocular pressure (IOP) into high-pressure glaucoma (primary open angle glaucoma, POAG) and low-pressure glaucoma (normal tension glaucoma, NTG).

During the past century up to date, we still face unsatisfying therapeutic regimens where an elevated IOP is the only treatable risk factor in glaucoma. However, a subset of patients present an IOP within the normal range and still develop glaucoma (NTG). It appears that progressive RGC loss might not be directly correlated to the extent of the IOP level in all patients. Analyses of the transcriptome and proteome of glaucomatous eyes have shown that complex molecular events are associated with the development of glaucoma.^2,3 Thus, both in glaucoma patients and in rodent models of glaucoma, there is accumulating evidence for a potential role of hormones and immunological processes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.⁴

NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is known to be expressed throughout the body, including fat tissue, pancreatic beta cells, gastric mucosa and the hypothalamus of mammals (Figure 1).^5,6 Hypothalamic nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) is the precursor of Nesfatin-1. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier in any direction by nonsaturable mechanisms.^7–9 NUCB2/nesfatin-1 has been detected in different regions of the rat hypothalamus, especially in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, and arcuate nucleus.^5,6 Pointing out the arcuate nucleus, Gong et al finds that this structure and its gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in the regulation of intraocular pressure.⁶ GABA receptor antagonists lead to an IOP reduction showing a decline of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis (p<0.01).⁶ An increase of IOP (+7.1 ± 1.9 mmHg), intracerebral pressure, and the translaminar pressure gradient was seen after chemically stimulated neurons of a rodent hypothalamus.¹⁰ Circadian fluctuations in IOP and the translaminar pressure gradient may be modulated by the hypothalamus.^10,11

Figure 1 The impact of Nesfatin-1 on the hypothalamus. Red arrows show a direct effect on different central and peripheral organs and processes. Grey arrows with a dashed line show an indirect impact of Nesfatin-1, via the impact on peripheral processes which has an influence as a glaucoma risk factor. The blue arrow shows the possible direct impact of Nesfatin-1 on the intraocular pressure via the retino-hypothalamic axis.

Additionally, comparative research is linked to NUCB2/nesfatin-1 as a regulator molecule of stress responses, especially under inflammatory conditions.^7,12 NUCB2/nesfatin-1 might show this effect by activating NUCB2 secreting parvocellular neurons.⁷ As a multifactorial disease there is evidence that glaucomatous progression is due to pro-inflammatory responses.^12–17

In a recent study, Özsavci et al found a neuroprotective effect of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in a cerebral trauma model, especially anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties with a significant decrease of immune mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, caspase-3 activity and myeloperoxidase activity).¹² Neuroinflammation is consequently a key process in glaucoma.^18–20 Evidence so far has demonstrated altered expression levels of certain inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humour (AH) and peripheral blood of glaucomatous eyes of POAG and closed-angle glaucoma patients. These include the following factors in the serum: soluble Interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).^21,22 Additionally, the following factors have been found to be elevated in the aqueous humour: transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-23, α-serum amyloid A, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXL) 9.^3,21–24 Furthermore, numerous pathways—known to be critical regulators of neuroinflammation—show gene-expression differences in glaucoma.^25,26 In glaucoma, it may be an elevated IOP, not necessarily a foreign antigen, that triggers an innate immune response, which usually involves resident immune cells, such as microglia, as well as the infiltration of macrophages/monocytes.²⁷ Recent studies have provided evidence indicating a link between elevated IOP and T cell-mediated autoimmune responses, which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration.²⁸ Reactive glial responses and low-grade inflammation may initially represent an adaptive reaction of the retina to primary stress stimuli; whereas sustained and excessive glial reactions lead to expanded immune responses, including adaptive immunity, that contribute to progressive neural damage in glaucoma. In light of animal studies that are beginning to show that modulation of neuroinflammation may be a promising therapeutic strategy, a renewed effort to study the inflammatory response in human glaucoma is warranted.^28–31

NUCB2/nesfatin-1 may be a marker with neuroprotective properties for the inflammatory situation in POAG having an impact on the retino-hypothalamic tract (Figure 1).

The purpose of this study was to analyze NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and a molecular signature of inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of POAG patients as biomarkers for the glaucomatous neuroinflammation.

Methods

Patients and Sample Collection

This study was designed as a prospective observational study and included 70 patients (n = 35 POAG patients and n = 35 healthy controls) seen at the Glaucoma Department of the Charité University clinic Berlin between February 2019 and March 2020. The Ethics Committee of the Charité University Berlin approved the study protocol (EA4/080/19), and the procedures applied conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants.

Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed by the presence of an open iridocorneal angle, glaucomatous cupping of the optic disc and visual field defects (Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss, Dublin, CA) without signs of secondary glaucoma. The IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry (mmHg). The inclusion criteria consisted of patients with POAG with moderate or advanced glaucoma and with a cup to disc ratio (CDR) of 0.6 or higher (clinically and Heidelberg retina tomography HRT based, HRT III, Heidelberg Engineering, DE). The visual field parameters ´mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD)´ were obtained and included patients with MD >6 dB and PSD >4dB. Exclusion criteria were patients who had received any intraocular surgery within 6 months prior to the beginning this study or patients with any signs of secondary glaucoma. Individuals with systemic inflammatory, metabolic or autoimmune diseases—such as diabetes and hypertensive blood pressure—and any pre-existing ocular disease other than cataract were excluded from the study. The control group was composed of healthy individuals without any evidence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy or conferring ocular disease.

Clinical data were collected including IOP, glaucoma medication, glaucoma parameters (cup to disc ratio (CDR), funduscopy) and the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) based on the optical coherence tomography (OCT Zeiss, DE).

Plasma samples were collected in all subjects at one designated point in time between 7.00 am and 9.00 am as a circadian rhythm of the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 level in the plasma was described in the literature.³² Plasma NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels can vary by body weight or BMI; thus, these informations of the participants were also collected.

For the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 measurement, plasma from patients with POAG and from healthy donors were collected and analyzed using the Nesfatin-1 ELISA from Cusabio (CSB-E15050h). A TECAN plate reader was used to measure the optical density at 450 nm with correction wavelength of 40 nm. For the inflammatory cytokine determination, the plasma was analyzed using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay technique (T Cell Panel Premixed 13-plex, Merck) measured at the MagPix system (Merck) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Each compound in each sample is in minimum 30 times measured (30 beads were counted) and a median mean fluorescent intensity is given by the software. We have assessed the levels of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 13 and TNF-α. Milliplex Analyst software was used for data analysis.

Statistics

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.20.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). For calculating the sample size, the measurement of Nesfatin-1 in plasma is defined as the primary target variable. When examining a presumed continuous criterion with a significance level of α=5% and a power of (1-ß)= 95%––and that also has a discernable difference of at least 85% of the standard deviation in independent samples––a result of the necessary minimum case numbers of 37 patients per group is reached. Due to the predesigned multiplex assay sample size by the manufacturer, only 35 patients could be analyzed.

Categorical variables were shown as frequencies and proportions and analyzed using χ² test. The normality of the distribution of numeric variables was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The differences between groups at baseline were determined via unpaired t-test. The correlation between NUCB2/nesfatin-1 or cytokine concentration and clinical data was determined by Spearman’s rank-order correlation test. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to estimate the linear relationship of NUCB2-Nesfatin-1 as the main dependent variable in healthy patients and patients with glaucoma as independent variable including possible confounders as age and sex. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. From the concentrations of all biological replicates, the ratio for a variety of tested conditions was calculated. For better visualization, the log2 ratio was generated. P values were calculated using unpaired Student´s t-test, with an adjusted p<0.05 as the cut-off for significance.

Results

Seventy patients were included in the study: 35 eyes with POAG (mean age 65.0 ± 8.9, male 63.8 ± 8.3, female 64.1 ± 10.8) and 35 healthy controls (mean age 51.6 ± 17.7, male 47.3 ± 18.9, female 55.1 ± 16.3). The sex-dependent distribution was 18 male and 17 female glaucoma patients and 13 male and 22 female control patients. The IOP was 13.9 ± 3.0 mmHg for the POAG eyes and 14.3 ± 2.7 mmHg in the control group. The complete demographic data and other clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the Study Cohort

Characteristics	POAG	Control	P - value
Total no. of eyes	35	35
Age, mean (SD), year	65.0 (8.9)	51.6 (17.7)	0.001
Sex, no. of M/F	18/17	13/22	0.281
Body weight, kilogram	70.0	74.5	0.058
BMI	23.6	24.1	0.689
IOP OD, mean (SD), mmHg	13.9 (3.0)	14.3 (2.7)	0.608
CDR OD, mean (SD)	0.8 (0.2)	0.3 (0.05)	<0.001
No. of glaucoma medications	1.9 (1.2)	-
RNFL OD, mean (SD), µm	78.6 (20.0)	96.7 (8.9)	0.002
Mean defect visual field OD, diopter	9.4	1.2	<0.001
Pattern standard deviation OD, diopter	4.1	0.9	<0.001

Notes: mean±standard deviation, T: p-value of Student’s t-test; χ²: chi squared value of chi squared test.

Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; CDR, cup to disc ratio; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.

In the current study, no significant sex-independent or sex-dependent differences in the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 level could be shown (p>0.05, Figure 2). As a trend, an increase of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in male glaucoma patients was found compared to the control group.

Figure 2 Jitter plot analysis of the measured NUCB2/nesfatin-1 concentrations in primary open-angle glaucoma (Gl) and healthy controls (Co).

NUCB2/nesfatin-1 showed a significant correlation to IL-2 and IL-13 cytokine levels in the glaucoma cohort, but not in the healthy control. No significant difference could be detected between NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and the clinical parameters in both cohorts (Table 2).

Table 2 Correlation Between NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 Concentration and Clinical Parameters (IOP, CDR, RNFL, Number of Glaucoma Medication) and Cytokine Levels of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Control Patients

Analytes	Control		Glaucoma
	ρ	p-value	ρ	p-value
IOP OD (mmHg)	−0.170	0.359	0.152	0.415
CDR OD	−0.097	0.586	0.175	0.346
RNFL OD (µm)	0.059	0.760	−0.412	0.080
Glaucoma medication	–	–	0.213	0.250
GM-CSF	0.287	0.100	−0.261	0.157
IFN y	0.016	0.929	−0.231	0.210
IL-10	0.173	0.327	0.025	0.894
IL-12	0.088	0.622	−0.266	0.148
IL-13	−0.013	0.947	−0.364	0.044
IL-1b	−0.005	0.977	−0.302	0.104
IL-2	0.188	0.286	−0.430	0.018
IL-4	−0.076	0.673	−0.147	0.431
IL-5	0.173	0.327	−0.192	0.300
IL-6	−0.073	0.702	−0.251	0.173
IL-7	0.234	0.184	−0.068	0.717
IL-8	0.155	0.414	−0.087	0.646
TNFa	0.305	0.080	0.053	0.775

Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; CDR, cup to disc ratio; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; ρ, Spearman correlation coefficient.

To screen for markers of POAG, we determined the levels of 13 cytokines in the peripheral blood. Increased concentrations of 11 cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN- γ, IL-1β, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 and TNF-α with 7/11 statistical significance) were sex-independently present in glaucoma patients in comparison to the control group—except of IL-13 and IL-8 (Table 3, Figures 3 and 4).

Table 3 Map of the Log2 of the Mean Female/Male or Glaucoma/Control Ratios of the Analyte Concentration (Pg/mL)

Analytes	Female+Male	Female/Male	Female/Male	Female	Male
	Glaucoma/Control	Glaucoma	Control	Glaucoma/Control
GM-CSF	0.366	0.261	−0.109	0.535	0.165
IFN-γ	0.518	0.247	0.170	0.579	0.501
IL-10	0.635	0.104	−0.025	0.696	0.567
IL-12	0.342	0.099	−0.456	0.578	0.024
IL-13	−0.153	0.501	0.478	−0.070	−0.093
IL-1β	0.546	0.180	−0.340	0.769	0.249
IL-2	0.289	0.325	−0.259	0.548	−0.035
IL-4	0.500	0.286	0.064	0.618	0.395
IL-5	0.333	0.270	−0.110	0.507	0.127
IL-6	0.512	0.351	−0.080	0.711	0.280
IL-7	0.162	0.250	−0.203	0.365	−0.089
IL-8	−0.422	0.111	−0.410	−0.200	−0.721
TNFα	0.143	0.056	−0.171	0.238	0.011

Figure 3 Sex-independent jitter plots of the concentration (pg/mL) for the measured analytes. Biological replicates are plotted individually. The overall mean±SEM is overlaid.

Abbreviations: Co, control group; Gl, glaucoma group.

Figure 4 Sex-dependent jitter plots of the concentration (pg/mL) for the measured analytes. Biological replicates are plotted individually. The overall mean±SEM is overlaid. *p<0.05. Blue = male, red = female.

Abbreviations: Co, control group; Gl, glaucoma group.

Comparing glaucoma patients to the control group, the female patients showed higher cytokine concentrations (except of IL-13 and IL-8), while the male patients showed a mixed pattern of up- and downregulation. In detail the values in pg/mL for female glaucoma patients versus female control patients are GM-CSF: 27.4 versus 18.9, p=0.022; IFN-γ: 12.3 versus 8.2, p<0.001; IL-1β: 2.18 versus 1.27, p<0.001; IL-2: 3.5 versus 2.42, p=0.007; IL-4: 40.4 versus 26.2, p=0.016; IL-5: 7.1 versus 5.0, p=0.008; IL-6: 2.7 versus 1.6, p<0.001; IL-7: 13.9 versus 10.8, p=0.001; IL-8: 4.2 versus 4.8, p=0.490; IL-10: 19.7 versus 12.1, p=0.005; IL-12: 3.3 versus 2.2, p<0.001, IL-13: 5.2 versus 5.4, p=0.782, TNF-α: 2.9 versus 2.4, p=0.115.

In addition, the values in pg/mL for male glaucoma patients versus male control patients are GM-CSF: 22.8 versus 20.4, p=0.485; IFN-γ: 10.4 versus 7.3, p=0.015; IL-1β: 1.9 versus 1.6, p=0.343; IL-2: 2.8 versus 2.9, p=0.915; IL-4: 33.1 versus 25.1, p=0.182; IL-5: 5.9 versus 5.4, p=0.598; IL-6: 2.1 versus 1.7, p=0.273; IL-7: 11.7 versus 12.4, p=0.492; IL-8: 3.9 versus 6.4, p=0.139; IL-10: 18.4 versus 12.4, p=0.027; IL-12: 3.1 versus 3.0, p=0.952, IL-13: 3.6 versus 3.9, p=0.618. TNF-α: 2.8 versus 2.8, p=0.935

In the glaucoma group, female patients showed increased cytokine concentrations for all upregulated cytokines except for TNF-α compared to male patients (Figure 4). In detail the values in pg/mL for female versus male patients are GM-CSF: 27.4 versus 22.8, p=0.245; IFN-γ: 12.3 versus 10.3, p=0.144; IL-1β: 2.18 versus 1.92, p=0.326; IL-2: 3.5 versus 2.8, p=0.109; IL-4: 40.4 versus 33.1, p=0.181; IL-5: 7.1 versus 5.9, p=0.157; IL-6: 2.7 versus 2.1, p=0.091; IL-7: 13.9 versus 11.7, p=0.060; IL-8: 4.2 versus 3.9, p=0.540; IL-10: 19.7 versus 18.3, p=0.628; IL-12: 3.3 versus 3.0, p=0.542, IL-13: 5.2 versus 3.6, p = 0.003, TNF-α: 2.9 versus 2.8, p=0.686.

The reproducibility of the kit is given by the manufacturer. To show the reproducibility for the analyzed patients, the median RSD for the detected compounds was analyzed. The median RSD was 35%, 39% and 37% for glaucoma females, males and females+males, respectively. The median RSD for the control patients was 32%, 49% and 45% for males, females and females+males, respectively.

We further evaluated the correlation between the levels of inflammatory cytokines and patients´ clinical characteristics (IOP, number of glaucoma medications, topical use of prostaglandins, CDR, RNFL). GM-CSF and IL-10 were significantly correlated with IOP in POAG (Table 4). Additionally, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-12 were significantly positively correlated with the use of topical prostaglandins. In our study, there was no significant correlation for CDR, glaucoma medication or RNFL measurements in the glaucoma cohort.

Table 4 Correlation Between Cytokine Levels and the Clinical Parameters in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Healthy Controls

Cytokine	IOP			CDR			RNFL			Glaucoma Medication	Prostaglandin		Mean MD		Mean PSD
	POAG Control			POAG Control			POAG Control
	ρ	ρ	p – value	ρ	ρ	p – value	ρ	ρ	p - value	ρ	ρ	p - value	ρ	p - value	ρ	p - value
GM-CSF	−0.386	−0.154	*	0.121	−0.008	n.s.	0.231	0.192	n.s.	−0.127	0.223	n.s.	0.152	n.s.	0.151	n.s.
IFN-γ	−0.275	−0.130	n.s.	−0.029	−0.199	n.s.	0.283	0.207	n.s.	−0.306	0.253	*	0.132	n.s.	0.237	n.s.
IL-10	−0.371	−0.073	*	0.097	−0.077	n.s.	0.021	0.169	n.s.	−0.062	0.296	*	0.077	n.s.	0.121	n.s.
IL12	−0.300	0.138	n.s.	−0.009	−0.155	n.s.	0.301	0.212	n.s.	−0.321	0.246	*	0.126	n.s.	0.126	n.s.
IL13	0.018	−0.073	n.s.	−0.124	−0.200	n.s.	0.387	0.063	n.s.	−0.295	−0.175	n.s.	0.257	n.s.	0.268	n.s.
IL-1β	−0.340	−0.140	n.s.	−0.099	−0.083	n.s.	0.268	0.138	n.s.	−0.222	0.329	*	−0.072	n.s.	0.059	n.s.
IL-2	−0.311	−0.204	n.s.	0.060	−0.094	n.s.	0.275	0.311	n.s.	−0.264	0.139	n.s.	0.118	n.s.	0.160	n.s.
IL-4	−0.241	−0.259	n.s.	−0.083	−0.188	n.s.	0.108	0.383	*	−0.121	0.286	*	−0.057	n.s.	0.071	n.s.
IL-5	−0.181	−0.140	n.s.	−0.178	−0.124	n.s.	0.217	0.126	n.s.	−0.165	0.254	*	−0.018	n.s.	−0.015	n.s.
IL-6	−0.272	0.227	n.s.	−0.009	−0.239	n.s.	0.441	0.324	n.s.	−0.265	0.108	n.s.	0.181	n.s.	0.300	n.s.
IL-7	−0.162	−0.130	n.s.	0.023	−0.101	n.s.	0.183	−0.034	n.s.	−0.097	0.147	n.s.	0.223	n.s.	0.236	n.s.
IL-8	−0.277	−0.053	n.s.	0.218	−0.067	n.s.	0.054	−0.016	n.s.	0.135	0.025	n.s.	0.312	n.s.	0.219	n.s.
TNF-α	−0.154	−0.109	n.s.	0.089	0.085	n.s.	−0.205	0.090	n.s.	0.073	0.123	n.s.	0.187	n.s.	0.041	n.s.

Note: *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: MD, mean deviation; PSD, pattern standard deviation; CDR, cup to disc ratio; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; ρ, Spearman correlation coefficient; n.s., non significant.

The backwards stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed no significant difference between the different variables age (β =0.62; 95% CI= −0.17–1.41; p = 0.12), sex (β =1.53; 95% CI= −21.86–24.92; p=0.90) and control-POAG group (β= −5.76; 95% CI= −34.30–22.77; p=0.70) and the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 (all p>0.05; R²=0.048).

Discussion

The Role of Nesfatin-1 in POAG

Neuroinflammatory mechanisms are a key factor in the pathogenesis of POAG.^14–17 NUCB2/nesfatin-1 showed in animal models of testicular injury and cerebral trauma, that pretreatment significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the apoptosis rate.^12,33 We assume that Nesfatin-1 might be a possible biomarker with neuroprotective properties pointing out the retinal-hypothalamic axis as target site in POAG.

In our study, a slight but not significant increase in NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is prominent for male glaucoma patients compared to the control group. We did not find any significant sex-independent or sex-dependent differences in NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels. Furthermore, no significant correlation between clinical glaucoma parameters such as CDR, RNFL and IOP, and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was found. Thus, we did not find a clear context in plasma concentrations of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and POAG (no correlation in multiple regression analysis).

In addition, our results showed a noticeable correlation of IL-13 and IL-2 with the Nesfatin-1 concentration in POAG. IL-13 was significantly downregulated in the male glaucoma cohort compared to female POAG. IL-2 was upregulated in glaucoma patients, especially in the female cohort. IL-2 plays an important role in the development of the T-cell immunologic memory and activates programmed cell death linked to FAS receptors.³⁴ An upregulation might interact with the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. Furthermore, it is presumed that IL-13 activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to inhibit overexpression of allergic and inflammatory precursor molecules, which indicates its anti-inflammatory property.³⁵

Referring to the cytokine status, there is a general lack of comparative research analysing NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels in comparison to plasma cytokine concentrations. One study reported about cytokine concentrations in a depression model.³⁶ In this study, a slight correlation of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 to the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 (r = 0.333, p = 0.003) and CRP (r = 0.244, p = 0.034) was found.³⁶

IL-2 plays an important role in the development of the T-cell immunologic memory and activates programmed cell death linked to FAS receptors.³⁴ An upregulation might interact with the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma.

Our study is limited by the lack of data on gonadal hormones. For future projects, subsequent studies following the trend of elevated NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels in glaucoma male patients compared to healthy males could prove to be meaningful in escalating the study parameters and including gonadal hormones.

Additionally, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 concentrations might have even more informative value when using aqueous humour probes. Furthermore, we do not have an age-matched control group, which might limit the explanatory power by assuming reduced testosterone levels with increasing age.

Molecular Signature of POAG Patients

Recent studies have provided evidence indicating a link between the IOP elevation and T cell-mediated autoimmune responses, which might underlie the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in glaucoma.³⁷ The proof that the adoptive transfer of T cells from glaucomatous mice results in a progressive loss of RGCs and their axons in recipient mice with a normal IOP supports the pathogenic role of T cells in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.³⁷ However, the objective evaluation of T cells remains limited in patients and experimental models of glaucoma. There are only few studies focusing on the presence of specific T lymphocyte subsets in the sera of glaucoma patients. Thus, we decided to study the T cell specific response in the sera of our glaucoma patients, utilizing a premixed human high sensitivity T cell multiplex assay. The present study revealed significantly increased concentrations of 11 cytokines in glaucoma patients compared to the control group, except for IL-13 and IL-8, which showed decreased concentrations. This is in line with the literature, where an increasing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation as a key process in glaucoma.¹⁴ In agreement with the literature on POAG patients, we found elevated levels of IFN-y, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. Our study adds valuable insights to the complex inflammatory process in POAG as we found elevated levels of GM-CSF, IL-1β and IL-7. Among all upregulated cytokines in our study, there were pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN- γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, IL-5) and cytokines of neutrophil recruitment and activation (IL-1β, TNF-α). Various cellular sources were possible for the observed immune response. Interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and GM-CSF could be upregulated due to T-helper 1 cell (Th1) activation, whereas IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 were secreted by Th2 cells. A possible source of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF are circulating monocytes or microglia, the resident macrophages of the eye.

The observed activation of immune cells (microglia in particular) and elevated levels of cytokines may be causative in RGC loss in glaucoma. Studies have shown that microglia increases in numbers and becomes activated in human and animal models of glaucoma.^28,29,38,39 Additionally, there is some evidence that retinal and ONH microglia deactivation by minocycline at early stages of disease could result in reduced neurodegeneration.^40,41 Furthermore, TNF-α produced by astrocytes and microglia has been demonstrated to promote RGC cell death, through a variety of mechanisms.^42,43

We detected increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6, maybe as attempt to prevent RGC cell loss and restore tissue homoeostasis. In the eye, for example, TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-1β stimulated increased levels of MMP 3, MMP-9, and MMP-12, which are essential in maintaining IOP homeostasis by influencing extracellular matrix turnover in the trabecular meshwork—the outflow facility of the eye. Recent studies have also demonstrated that IL-6 acts as neuroprotectant and has the ability to increase the survival and regeneration of RGCs in vitro. Interleukin-6 mRNA and protein are upregulated near RGCs and their axons in rodent models of glaucoma.^44,45

An important aspect of glaucomatous eyes is the presence of IOP elevation and fluctuation. Our results show that GM-CSF and IL-10 are significantly correlated with IOP in POAG. This is in line with corresponding literature which has found a positive correlation of patients’ IOP measurements and elevated levels of cytokines. These studies concluded that IOP may be responsible for the production of cytokines.^46,47

There are some limitations to this study. We detected the cytokines in the plasma, which might not be identical to the intraocular levels of these cytokines. In the literature, studies comparing levels of inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and AH in various ocular diseases could, in part, show a similar cytokine profile in serum and intraocular fluid, especially for IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α.⁴⁸ Furthermore, in a young, healthy eye, the blood-retina barrier (BRB) provides a tight regulation of molecular components crossing from the blood to the retina and vice versa. It is known that the BRB is impacted in human glaucomatous subjects and rodent models of glaucoma.⁴⁹ Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) around the ONH has been shown to leak in glaucomatous eyes.⁵⁰ The probable relationship of impaired BRB and/or BBB to the pathogenesis of glaucoma suggests that inflammatory responses may spread into the circulation and thus could be detected in the peripheral blood as well. Another limitation is the fact, that patients with use of topical prostaglandins were included in the study. Six of the 13 measured cytokines were positively correlated with the topical prostaglandin use in our patient cohort. However, it has been demonstrated in the literature, that topical prostaglandins exhibit only a minor effect on the systemic bloodstream, especially in contrast to beta blocker medication.⁵¹

Conclusion

In conclusion, we could detect a significant dependency in regard to the patients’ sex of the cytokine concentration in POAG patients compared to the healthy population. A higher inflammatory response in POAG females compared to men was found. Additionally, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 plasma levels were slightly increased in the male glaucoma cohort. We conclude that these preliminary data are adding important information to the understanding of Nesfatin-1 actions in a glaucoma cohort. To the best of our knowledge, these valuable insights were not subject to comparative research prior to conducting this study.

Abbreviations

CDR, cup to disc ratio; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; HRT, Heidelberg retina tomography; IL, interleukin; IOP, intraocular pressure; MD, mean deviation; NTG, normal tension glaucoma; OAG, open-angle glaucoma; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PSD, pattern standard deviation; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; RGC, retinal ganglion cell; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

Dominika Pohlmann is a participant in the BIH Charite Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. She reports travel and lecture fees from Allergan and Bayer. Anne Rübsam is a participant in the BIH Charite Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. She reports a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) RU 2020/3-1. Carl Erb reports lecture fees from Allergan, Alcon, Bausch&Lomb, Bayer, Novartis, Thea, Santen, Glaukos, Zeiss, Oculus, Visufarma. Consulting and advisory board fees from Allergan, OmniVision, Santen. Anna-Karina B Maier reports congress fees from Allergan and Novartis. Traveling expenses and lecture fees from Allergan. Sibylle Winterhalter has served as consultant for: Allergan, Novartis, Bayer, Heidelberg Engineering. Milena Pahlitzsch, Raphaela Fritsche-Guenther, and Inga Pompös report no financial disclosures. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

We acknowledge Jennifer Kirwan from the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Metabolomics Platform for providing the MagPix Instrument and the possibility to perform the ELISA experiments. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.