Results of a pilot study of patient-to-patient education strategy on self-management among glycemic uncontrolled patients with diabetes

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and practicability of patient-to-patient (PTP) education strategy on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Eligible subjects from outpatient clinic were recruited and randomized to either intervention group or control group. Inpatients with poor outcomes and complications acted as mentors to share their experience with the intervention group in three tailored classes. Besides, the intervention group received general advice from specialists. The control group received general advice only. The glucose metabolic status and behavior modification indicators were evaluated before and after intervention. In addition, both groups finished a questionnaire survey regarding awareness to diabetic complications after intervention.

Results

Eighty-four subjects were recruited (42 subjects for each group), and 51 subjects finished the study. Both the intervention group (n=29) and the control group (n=22) showed a tendency toward a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin level (A1c, −0.8% vs −0.4%, P<0.05) and improvement in behavior modification (+5.0 vs +2.8, P<0.05) after 6 months. The intervention group (13.8%) obtained a higher percentage than the control group (9.1%) whose A1c reached ≤7%. The body mass index did not change significantly in any group. The questionnaire score about complication awareness was higher in the intervention group than in the control group.

Conclusion

This preliminary evidence suggests that PTP education strategy is acceptable for facilitating the outcome of glycemic control. Patient sense of complications may work on A1c reduction.

Keywords:

• patient-to-patient education strategy
• diabetes
• self-management
• A1c

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive disor that requires continuing medical care and ongoing patient self-management education and support to prevent acute complications and reduce the risk of long-term complications.^3–5 For adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), performing recommended self-care is essential for glycemic control;^6–8 however, patient adherence remains challenging.^9–11 In China, approximately two-thirds of patients with T2DM reported irregular self-monitoring of blood glucose.¹¹ More endeavors are needed for a better T2DM management.

Transtheoretical model is widely known as stages of change theory according to which behavior changes can be divided into six stages as follows: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination. This influential model has been used in smoking cessation, vegetable and fruit intake, diabetes education and so on.^12–14 Contemplation is an important step in which subjects learn the seriousness of behavioral problems, benefits from behavior change and also the cost for changes. At this stage, the intervention subject begins to produce the self-reevaluation of the behavior, weighs the pros and cons of behavior change and appears contradictory. But soon, the intervention subject will enter the next stage.

For current education strategies, most knowledge of diabetes is given by hospital staffs or educators, and patients learn the knowledge about self-management. However, less caution to the consequences of bad behavior and weak awareness to diabetic complications may make a part of patients slacken their efforts in behavior modification, especially for patients with longer duration of diabetes but no obvious body discomfort. There was tremendous power in speaking with someone in the same situation.^15–19 Willis et al’s study showed that patient-to-patient (PTP) interaction prior to seeing the physician in the waiting room has a positive effect on patient opinion of the pain clinic and the caregivers.²⁰ In our study, the transtheoretical model was combined with peer education strategy, and the effect of PTP education strategy on self-management was evaluated.

Methods

Study design

A single-center, 6-month follow-up, randomized, controlled trial with two-group design was undertaken in the Metabolic Diseases Hospital in Tianjin (Figure 1). The study protocol was approved by the Tianjin Medical University Ethics Committee Review Board (No DXBYYhMEC2015-15) and was verified by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No ChiCTR-IPR-15006366).

Figure 1 Flowchart of the 6-month follow-up study.

Notes: Intervention group was invited to attend PTP class and obtained general advice, twice in the first 3 months and once in the last 3 months. Control group obtained general advice only.
Abbreviations: A1c, glycosylated hemoglobin level; BMI, body mass index; PTP, patient-to-patient; SDSCA, summary of diabetes self-care activities.

Sample and setting

Outpatients who met the following criteria were eligible to participate in the study: 1) aged between 30 and 70 years; 2) blood glucose was poorly controlled, glycosylated hemoglobin level (A1c) ≥7.5%; 3) the duration of diabetes was >3 years and without obvious body discomfort (there were no distinct numbness of limbs, chest tightness and blurred vision; urinary albumin exclusion rate ≤300 mg/24 hours) and 4) revisiting the same clinic specialist >3 months. Exclusion criteria included 1) type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes; 2) any severe psychiatric disorders or comprehension barriers; 3) taking part in another clinical trial; 4) history of trauma or surgery in recent 1 year; 5) with severe complications of diabetes mellitus and 6) alcohol or psychoactive substance abused.

Eligible subjects were explained the goals and risk of the study and gave their written informed consent at the beginning of the study. Subjects were randomized to the intervention or control group, which was carried out by an external agency using a computerized random number generator.

Intervention

Intervention group

Before the start of the study, subjects in the intervention group were told that they should attend a total of three PTP classes conducted at 1, 2 and 4 months, respectively. Besides that, they should keep visiting the clinic as their clinic physician advised. That is to say, the intervention subjects were gathered together for PTP class, and they visited the physician individually. In each PTP class, there were two parts of content. First, the subjects came to the education center and interacted with the inpatients who were selected from the ward by the resident doctor in advance. Apart from typical diabetic complications, the inpatients selected met the following criteria: a >5-year history of T2DM, blood glucose was stable after treatment and some personalities in common (eg, good interpersonal communication, easygoing, optimistic and would be willing to share their suffering with others). Inpatients were given short-time training after they agreed to take part in the PTP interaction. It was explained to the inpatients that the aim of the interaction was to share self-experience about diabetes and its complications with visitors but not the exact diabetic knowledge. PTP conversation topics were open while mostly related to 1) self-experience about the relationship between living habits and blood glucose level; 2) body discomfort caused by diabetic complications (eg, numbness of limbs, limp, foot ulcers, limited mobility, blurred vision, distress from dialysis); 3) experience with treatment (eg, economic burden, drug therapeutic effects and side effects) and 4) others (eg, depressed mood and loss of the quality of life). Fifteen inpatients were selected as volunteers, five volunteers in each class, five with diabetic nephropathy and undergoing hemodialysis for class one, five with typical diabetes foot for class two, and three with diabetic retinopathy and two with cardiopathy for class three; each class focused on one or two major diabetic complications. Under the guidance of hospital educators, the length of contact time lasted 1 hour.

Next, the educators made a short conclusion for 30 minutes concerning knowledge of the corresponding diabetes complication and the importance of glycemic control. For the intervention group, subjects who did not attend at least two of the three classes were excluded from this study.

Control group

The control group did not attend the class but was asked to keep visiting the clinic. Both the intervention group and the control group kept revisiting the same clinic specialist as before during the 6 months follow-up. General advice was delivered from clinic visit by specialists²¹: 1) healthy eating, 2) being active, 3) monitoring, 4) taking medications, 5) reducing risks and 6) problem discussion.

Instruments

Measurements were taken at baseline and the end of this trial; measurements included A1c, body mass index (BMI), summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA) tool and a designed questionnaire. The SDSCA was developed by Toobert et al,²² which primarily contains 5 domains, dietary 4 items (1 item is reverse score), exercise 2 items, blood sugar monitoring 2 items, foot care 2 items and medicine taking 1 item; higher scores reflect higher degree of self-management in that domain of care (each item score ranges from 1 to 7). Total SDSCA score is the sum of 5 domains and reflect the overall condition of self-management. Wang et al²³ reported that SDSCA Chinese Version was practicable with acceptable Cronbach’s α (0.82) and test–retest reliability (0.95). A questionnaire regarding the awareness and attitude to diabetic complications was designed by our team and was used by both groups after study. This questionnaire included three items and was based on 5 levels (from 0 to 4 points) to make quantification evaluation: 1) the susceptibility of getting diabetes complications under long-term hyperglycemia condition; 2) diabetes complication is a severity damage to human health and 3) treatment cost for diabetes complication is expensive. Scores range from 0 to 12, and the higher the score is, the higher the crisis conscious is. In addition, there was an oral question about satisfaction to PTP contact after study. Patients could answer “Yes” or “No”.

Data analysis

Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency. Baseline and 6-month data were compared using a paired t-test, after normality of the data was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. When normality was not confirmed for some of the data sets (eg, baseline and 6-month blood glucose monitor in both groups; 6-month foot care in the intervention group and baseline foot care in the control group; baseline medication in the intervention group and 6-month medication in the control group), the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. An independent t-test was used to compare the change in outcomes between the intervention and control groups. Again, normality of these data was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. For some of the data sets (change in blood glucose monitor, foot care and medication from baseline to post 6 months in the intervention group), normality was not confirmed, therefore the Mann–Whitney U-test. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS windows version 13.0, and P-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance.

Results

A total of 84 volunteers took part in this study at baseline, 42 in the intervention group and 42 in the control group. At the end of the study, 51 (60.71%) subjects completed the 6-month follow-up, 29 (69.05%) in the intervention group and 22 (52.38%) in the control group. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in the basic characteristics of subjects who completed the follow-up (Table 1). Of the 39.28% (n=33) who withdrew, the main factors given were personal, including illness, lack of time, traveling and work-related issues, and there was no significant difference in comparison of baseline attributes between those who completed the study and those who did not.

Table 1 The basic characteristics of subjects who completed the study in both the intervention group and the control group

Variables	Intervention group (n=29)	Control group (n=22)	t/χ^2	P-value
Age (years)	53.0±7.3	55.4±9.7	1.014	0.316
Disease duration (years)	7.1±2.7	6.7±2.4	0.577	0.567
Sex (male/female)	16/13	11/11	0.134	0.714
Education (primary/middle/college)	14/13/2	9/10/3	0.731	0.694
Hypertension (−/+)	7/22	5/17	0.014	0.906

Notes: The values are statistically significant at P<0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Comparing the intervention group with the control group before and after intervention showed that there were no significant changes in BMI for either group (Table 2). Both groups had a significant reduction in A1c levels compared to their corresponding baseline record after 6 months. Notably, the intervention group had a reduction in A1c of 0.8% compared to their baseline value. At the end of the study, A1c levels were statistically significantly different between the two groups. In the intervention group, the mean A1c decreased after 6 months from 8.7%±1.3% to 7.9%±0.9% (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean A1c decreased from 8.7%±0.9% to 8.3%±0.8% (P<0.05). Data analysis revealed that PTP education combined with general advice played a role in lowering blood sugar (−0.8% vs −0.4%, P<0.05). A total of 13.8% subjects in the intervention group and 9.1% subjects in the control group reached ≤7% A1c level. For a more relaxed criterion of A1c, 51.7% subjects in the intervention group and 36.4% subjects in the control group reached ≤8% A1c level.

Table 2 Comparison of the clinical measures and behavior change between the two groups before and after intervention

Variables	Intervention group (n=29)		Control group (n=22)		P-valuea	P-valueb	P-valuec
	Baseline	6 months	Baseline	6 months
A1c (%)	8.7±1.3	7.9±0.9	8.7±0.9	8.3±0.8	<0.001	0.036	0.016
SDSCA	23.7±3.1	28.7±3.6	23.5±3.9	26.3±4.6	<0.001	0.002	0.025
Dietary	9.7±1.9	11.2±2.4	10.1±2.7	10.9±2.7	0.001	0.044	0.249
Exercise	3.5±1.5	5.9±1.8	3.3±1.7	4.2±2.1	<0.001	0.005	0.001
Monitor	3.0±1.2	3.5±1.2	2.8±0.9	3.2±1.3	0.027	0.070	0.556
Foot care	2.7±1.2	3.0±1.2	2.6±0.9	3.0±1.0	0.198	0.216	0.731
Medication	4.8±0.7	5.0±1.2	5.0±1.3	5.0±1.0	0.212	0.893	0.429
BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	25.2±2.5	25.0±2.3	26.0±4.4	25.7±4.2	0.117	0.091	0.728

Notes: The values are statistically significant at P<0.05.

a Baseline vs 6 months in the intervention group;

b baseline vs 6 months in the control group, for P-value^a and P-value^b the results were analyzed with a paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used in monitor, foot care and medication;

c intervention group vs control group (average change), data were assessed by an independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U-tests were used in monitor, foot care and medication. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: A1c, glycosylated hemoglobin level; BMI, body mass index; SDSCA, summary of diabetes self-care activities.

At the 6-month examination, the intervention group reported significantly more beneficial changes in the total SDSCA score (+5.0 vs +2.8, P<0.05) and observed a better improvement on their physical exercise (+2.4 vs +0.9, P<0.001) than the control group. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups at 6 months (intervention group vs control group), both groups showed a significant improvement in dietary behaviors from corresponding baseline to 6 months (intervention group +1.5 and control group +0.8, respectively). Besides, the intervention group also showed a significant improvement in glucose monitoring (+0.5, P<0.05). The foot care score did not change significantly in any group (Table 2).

Besides, the intervention group scored 10.97±0.94 (3.41, 3.69 and 3.86 corresponding to each item) from the questionnaire about awareness to diabetic complications and the control group scored 9.64±1.26 (2.86, 3.09 and 3.73 corresponding to each item). The total score of the intervention group was statistically higher than that of the control group (P<0.001) (Table 3). No safety concerns were identified during the study.

Table 3 Score of questionnaire regarding awareness to diabetic complications

Variables	Intervention group (n=29)	Control group (n=22)	P-valuea
Total score	10.97±0.94	9.64±1.26	<0.001
Item 1 susceptibility	3.41±0.63	2.86±0.77	0.010
Item 2 severity	3.69±0.54	3.09±0.75	0.002
Item 3 cost	3.86±0.35	3.73±0.46	0.238

Notes: The values are statistically significant at P<0.05.

a Intervention group vs control group, independent samples t-test were used in data analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Discussion

The aim of diabetes care is to control blood glucose level and maintain body weight with effective strategies that are closely related to lifestyle improvement, including healthy diet as advised, regular exercise, adherence to diabetic medication and regular follow-up.^24,25 In our study, PTP mentoring being done by really ill and out-of-control patients tended to have an impact on self-management and glycemic control. When comparing the results of the two groups, PTP strategy achieved a better reduction in A1c than that in the general advice group; higher percentage of subjects in PTP strategy met the A1c standard (≤7% or in relaxed criterion ≤8%). A significant higher SDSCA score was achieved in the intervention group at the end of the study compared with the control group, reflecting the greater mean improvement of behavior modification observed in the intervention group. Furthermore, the intervention group showed increased physical exercise and blood sugar monitoring score compared with baseline (Figure 2). Analysis of questionnaire about awareness to diabetic complications showed that both the intervention group and the control group got a relatively high score, suggesting that patients with long-term history of diabetes perceived some information about diabetic complications. However, the intervention group showed a much better improvement in A1c reduction and SDSCA score. This implies that diabetic complication awareness from others’ suffering may move them forward to the next stage of behavior change. In practice, diabetes knowledge is delivered by hospital specialists seldom by experienced patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that peer education model had a positive effect on glucose control.^16–18 Baksi et al¹⁸ showed that trained T2DM patients were as effective in imparting knowledge to their peers as specialist health professionals. In this study, inpatients with higher level of diabetes-related distress shared their sufferings and experience with the intervention group and increased the complication awareness in the intervention subjects. Even though the sample referred was small (n=51 finally), the results of this study demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in A1c levels and a better behavior change in the intervention group compared with the control population. All participants in the intervention group were satisfied with the PTP education model; they considered face-to-face interaction with inpatients to be beneficial and inspirited. From this novel education strategy, subjects learned about the harm of complications they might suffer directly from patients suffering those complications and not just by detached education by clinicians. PTP promoted the understanding of T2DM and its following complications comprehensively, gave force to glycemic self-management and improved the outcome of glycemic control among patients with uncontrolled blood glucose. In addition, it also works that subjects received diabetes knowledge from specialists, who offered assistance to solve the obstacles in behavior change and emotion regulation. At the same time, PTP interaction may magnify the effectiveness of general advice. Weight loss was not found in both groups, which confirms previous studies in Asian countries.^26,27 The limitations of this study are the small sample size, single center and duration time. Despite all subjects had visit records in metabolic disease hospital before the study, subjects withdrawal in both groups is still a problem. Further refinement is needed for complication awareness measure because it has unknown psychometric properties.

Figure 2 SDSCA score of the two groups before and after intervention.

Notes: Total SDSCA score, dietary score, exercise score and blood sugar monitoring score were measured before and after intervention. Both groups had a significant improvement in total SDSCA score, dietary control and physical exercise compared to baseline; the intervention group also obtained a significant improvement in blood glucose monitoring. Baseline vs 6 months (*); *P<0.05, **P<0.001.
Abbreviation: SDSCA, summary of diabetes self-care activities.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that PTP education strategy is acceptable for facilitating the outcome of glycemic control. Patient complication awareness may influence the outcome of self-management. Future studies are needed to investigate whether the findings of this study are replicable in a similar setting and population, and, if so, to see if the findings can be generalized to other settings and populations, and whether it can be scaled up to a large number of people.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 81671835).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.