“I did not want to take that medicine”: African-Americans’ reasons for diabetes medication nonadherence and perceived solutions for enhancing adherence

Abstract

Background

Diabetes is disproportionally burdensome among African-Americans (AAs) and medication adherence is important for optimal outcomes. Limited studies have qualitatively examined reasons for nonadherence among AAs with type 2 diabetes, though AAs are less adherent to prescribed medications compared to whites. This study explored the reasons for medication nonadherence and adherence among AAs with type 2 diabetes and examined AAs’ perceived solutions for enhancing adherence.

Methods

Forty AAs, age 45–60 years with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year prior, taking at least one prescribed diabetes medication, participated in six semistructured 90-minute focus groups. Using a phenomenology qualitative approach, reasons for nonadherence and adherence, as well as participants’ perceived solutions for increasing adherence were explored. Qualitative content analysis was conducted.

Results

AAs’ reasons for intentional nonadherence were associated with 1) their perception of medicines including concerns about medication side effects, as well as fear and frustration associated with taking medicines; 2) their perception of illness (disbelief of diabetes diagnosis); and 3) access to medicines and information resources. Participants reported taking their medicines because they valued being alive to perform their social and family roles, and their belief in the doctor’s recommendation and medication helpfulness. Participants provided solutions for enhancing adherence by focusing on the roles of health care providers, patients, and the church. AAs wanted provider counseling on the necessity of taking medicines and the consequences of not taking them, indicating the need for the AA community to support and teach self-advocacy in diabetes self-management, and the church to act as an advocate in ensuring medication use.

Conclusion

Intentional reasons of AAs with type 2 diabetes for not taking their medicines were related to their perception of medicines and illness. Solutions for enhancing diabetes medication adherence among AAs should focus on the roles of providers, patients, and the church.

Keywords:

• African-Americans
• medication nonadherence
• type 2 diabetes
• qualitative methods

Introduction

Medication adherence is the extent to which patient medication-taking behaviors correspond with recommendations by a health care provider.¹ When patients are not adherent to their medicines, their therapeutic goals are not achieved, leading to increased risk of mortality, increased emergency room visits, and reduced quality of life.^2–7 Rates of medication adherence are generally below 50%.^3,8–11 However, for patients with type 2 diabetes, these rates are as low as 36%.⁴ Medication adherence is important for patients with diabetes as prior research reports a 10% improvement in medication adherence leads to a 6.6% reduction in hospitalizations.⁴

Medication adherence among African-Americans (AAs) with diabetes

Previous research has consistently reported racial differences in medication adherence.^12–15 In fact, medication adherence is one of the major barriers minority populations face in achieving optimal diabetes care. Although suboptimal diabetes control is more prevalent among AAs compared to non-Hispanic whites,¹⁶ and medication adherence is an important self-care behavior needed for improved diabetes outcomes, limited studies have examined nonadherence among AAs with type 2 diabetes.^1,14 Prior work has consistently shown that AAs are less adherent to prescribed medications compared to whites, even with equal access to medications.^13,15,17 AAs are 25% less likely to adhere to their diabetes medicines compared to non-Hispanic whites¹⁸ and have worse adherence to their diabetes medicines, even after minimizing the variations in quality of care and insurance coverage.^15,19–21 In a study by Schectman et al, AAs were less adherent to their medications and reported worse diabetes control compared to whites even when their medications were intensified.²² Shenolikar et al reported that AAs with type 2 diabetes had a 12% lower difference in adherence compared to whites.¹⁴ These findings show that there may be underlying reasons why AAs refuse to take their medicines, despite intensive clinical therapy and access to medications. Hence, an understanding of the reasons for medication nonadherence among AAs is critical to the development of tailored medication adherence interventions.

Reasons for medication nonadherence

There are several reasons why patients do not take their medicines including provider-related factors, health system-related factors, and patient-related factors.²³ Ineffective communication between the patient and the provider, possibly due to patient misunderstanding of prescribed complex drug regimens, is related to medication nonadherence.^24,25 In terms of health system factors, prior work shows that a fragmented health care system limits health care coordination and access to care, and compromises patient–physician communication because of lack of time to properly assess and understand patient medication-taking behaviors.^26,27 In some cases, it is hard for patients to understand their disease and medication instructions because of limited health literacy.²⁸ Hence, they are less likely to participate in treatment decision making and utilize medications. Patient beliefs regarding treatment effectiveness and lack of motivation to take medicines, possibly influenced by their negative experiences taking medicines, also lead to medication nonadherence.^23,25,29

Reasons for medication nonadherence among racial and ethnic minorities

Prior literature shows that not taking medications can be intentional because of patient-level factors or unintentional because of forgetfulness. Examining patient-level factors among AAs with type 2 diabetes is important because nonadherence due to illness and medication perceptions is reported to be a significant barrier to improved health outcomes among AAs with chronic conditions.³⁰ It is known that patient reasons for medication nonadherence might vary among racial and ethnic groups because of culturally influenced perceptions of medications.³⁰ For example, concerns about medicines are common among AAs and are related to medication nonadherence.^31,32 In a systematic review of beliefs among AAs with hypertension, distrust of medications was prevalent and linked to patient beliefs about treatment and medication use.³³ AAs are fearful of becoming addicted to medications and believe that medications are a symbol of illness compared to whites.³⁰ Disbelief about disease diagnosis and medication side effects are also reported as reasons for intentional nonadherence among AA women with hypertension.³⁴ Hill-Briggs et al noted that urban AAs with type 2 diabetes minimize the importance of medication in controlling their health.²⁰ These culturally based perceptions may explain intentional nonadherence behaviors among AAs with type 2 diabetes.³⁰ On the other hand, AAs have reported that they unintentionally do not adhere to their medications because they simply forgot.³⁴ Prior studies have qualitatively examined AAs’ reasons for nonadherence in chronic conditions such as asthma and hypertension.^35,36 To our knowledge, no study has qualitatively explored the intentional and unintentional reasons why AAs with type 2 diabetes may not take their medicines.

Different interventions have been designed as a means of improving medication adherence among AAs including using motivational interviewing, reminder devices, automated phone call to deliver messages, and web-based programs. Few of these interventions have been effective.¹ It is possible that there is a dissonance between what AAs believe would be helpful in improving adherence, and what is actually included in intervention designs. In one study of AA women with hypertension, participants reported that they take their medicines to live to see their children grow up and not develop disease complications.³⁴ Exploring qualitatively what AAs see as motivations for medication use may help in developing tailored interventions that meet the needs of the community. To develop patient-centered adherence interventions, exploring patient views of ways to address adherence is paramount. Therefore, the study objective was to explore the reasons for medication nonadherence and adherence among AAs with type 2 diabetes, and understand their perceptions of the solutions for enhancing adherence.

Methods

Sample

English-speaking AA adult men and women aged 45–60 years were recruited using purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria were self-identified AA/Blacks who spoke English, self-reported diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by a health care provider at least 1 year prior to the time of the study and reported taking at least one diabetes medication by mouth. Individuals who were younger than 45 years or older than 60 years, were not diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at least 1 year prior, and were using only injectable diabetes medications were excluded. The study was conducted from September 2016 to January 2017 and was reviewed and approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Health Sciences Institutional Review Board.

Study design

Qualitative focus groups with a phenomenology approach^37,38 utilized patient experiences to explore the reasons why AAs might take or not take their diabetes medications and their perceived solutions for addressing the issue based on their experiences. Utilizing qualitative methods such as focus groups allows for a much richer description of perceptions based on participant experience and life events that may not be as accessible by quantitative methods.^36,39 In addition, focus groups provide an opportunity for participants to elaborate on their recommendations for addressing medication nonadherence. Focus groups allow AAs to have a “voice” in research, which is important when conducting research with underserved populations.⁴⁰

Recruitment

Study participants were recruited in different community locations in two cities in a Midwestern State (Suburbs and Urban City) including a senior center, a church, apartment buildings, and a federally qualified community health center. The locations were selected based on the recommendations of the community advisory board. Key community leaders within the community locations and members of AA community advisory boards and community networks facilitated the recruitment of patients using word of mouth and flyers.

Measures and data collection

Six semistructured focus groups were conducted in private locations in two different cities within the state (Suburbs and Urban City). Each focus group lasted 90 minutes. Three focus groups were held in a community center in one city and the other three focus groups occurred in a church, apartment building, or senior center. After presenting the study information to focus group participants, written informed consent was obtained. Participants self-completed a brief 2–3-minute questionnaire collecting their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics information including age, gender, highest level of education completed, annual household income, and health insurance status as well as clinical characteristics such as self-reported health status, number of daily prescription medicines, number of chronic illnesses, and number of years of diabetes diagnosis. Open-ended focus group questions were developed to examine the study objectives (Supplementary material).

All focus groups were audio-recorded and discussions were moderated by the primary investigator (a PhD trained AA with years of experience conducting focus groups), and a trained AA project assistant who helped to facilitate discussions and took notes. All data were collected in an iterative fashion, allowing the study investigators to continually refine the focus group questions, if necessary. Qualitative methodology approaches such as redirecting participants to the main topic if the discussion goes off track, engaging quiet participants, and preventing stronger participants from exerting control of the discussions were utilized during the focus groups.⁴¹ Participants were given $50 cash upon completion of the focus group.

Data analysis

A certified professional transcriptionist transcribed all audio-recorded focus groups and the study project assistant corroborated all six transcripts with the audio files. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze all transcribed data using NVivo 10 (QSR International-Melbourne) to organize and categorize the themes. Two research team members skilled in qualitative research analyzed the transcripts independently. In this analysis, an open coding system was used. To do this, the transcripts were initially read to develop a coding frame for the categories developed and then, the categories were conceptualized into themes.⁴² Subsequently, additional transcripts were read repeatedly to identify newer themes that might have been prompted during further focus group discussions. Themes were then explored across participant responses and focus groups to determine the relationships and comparisons. Data analysis continued until the researchers could not identify newer themes and dimensions within the data (data saturation).^43,44 After all analyses were completed independently, all coders came together in a meeting to identify similarities and difference between themes and discuss any divergences. Agreement on all themes was reached before the results were interpreted. To ensure the accurateness of the analysis, the results of the study were mailed to four focus group participants who were selected based on their interest in other research-related activities, to examine if the information from the final analysis captured their experiences (member checking).⁴⁵ Participants’ responses supported the validity of the results with no changes or additions recommended.

Results

Forty-eight patients were selected and agreed to participate in the study. There were 40 AA men and women who completed the study. Eight participants could not complete the study for logistical reasons such as bad weather and forgot the session.

Majority of participants were female (61.4%), having a mean age of 53 years (±4.94), having a high school degree (28.2%) or college education (33.3%) as the highest level of education attained, and using at least seven prescription medications daily (7.18±6.21). The majority of participants self-reported a fair health status (43.6%) and a mean number of three chronic illnesses (2.9±1.8).

Reasons for nonadherence

Participants reported unintentionally and intentionally not taking their medicines. For unintentional nonadherence, few participants reported simply forgetting and used routines and reminders to remember to take them.

Sometimes I forget. And my husband try to remind me, and I’m like, I’m going to take it, and I still forget. [DBPID_0028]

It was hard at first (remembering to take medicines). But now, it’s just a routine […] every night, when I go to bed, I have a glass of water in my hand. And that goes with me in my bedroom, and I take my pill, every night […] you have to find a way that helps you to remember […]. It’s just automatic. it’s a habit […] so you have to figure out what will help you remember to take your medication? [WOMAN]

Many participants reported intentionally not taking their medicines and their reasons were multifaceted and related to the following three themes: 1) perception of medicines; 2) perception of illness; and 3) access to medicines and information resources.

Perception of medicines

The reasons for intentional nonadherence due to perception of medicines included concerns about the side effects of medicines and doubts regarding the effectiveness and safety of medicines. Participants were also fearful of taking medicines and frustrated about taking medicines for a long period.

AAs reported concern about the side effects of prescription medicines.

I didn’t want to take that medicine. Because […] one day […]. I take that medicine, I feel like that I’m going to fall down […]. Don’t like the way it make you feel and stuff. [DBPID_0037]

Participants were doubtful of the effectiveness of medicines.

Because sometimes you feel like it’s not helping. Why am I taking this? And my sugar level […] so you go to the doctor, tell them, man, this ain’t working […]. Now what they going to do is increase the insulin? Man, look, I don’t want to take no shot. [DBPID_0024]

My father […] when it’s time to take his medicine, he takes it […] when he eat, he take his medicine on cue. And now, he looks like he’s going to lose his legs. What the hell is that? He’s doing everything that he’s supposed to do […]. But look, he’s laid up right now […]. So that pisses me off… he’s taking his medicine, and it’s still hurting him. [MAN 2]

Participants expressed fear of taking medicines.

I don’t want to take it (medicines), […]. It can be stressful. It can hurt you. It can harm you than help you. [DBPID_0041]

I take over 15 pills a day. That scares the sh-t out of me […] it scares me when I have to take it […]. And I got to the point where I say, I’m not taking none of that. [MAN 2]

Participants were frustrated and tired of taking medicines for a long period.

[…] I know for a fact the older generation that died with diabetes, a lot of them said that they was tired. Now you can read between the lines that mean that they tired of taking all this medication and stuff. They don’t want to live no more, so they ready […] like to die. My sister did too, and she gave up. Died […] too. [DBPID_0038]

Perception of illness

Some participants did not intentionally take their medicines because of their perception of diabetes. For example, AAs reported that they did not believe they had diabetes, as the disease did not show any consequences.

[…] when I got diagnosed with it (diabetes), I didn’t do anything. I hardly took that medication, because I felt I didn’t have it. […] so I went on, and I didn’t take the medication […] to me, it really wasn’t affecting me in any kind of way, because I could go on with my daily activity. [DBPID_0014]

Access to medicines and information resources

Some participants reported they did not take their medication if it was not physically available to them or their caregiver was unavailable to facilitate the use of medicines.

Sure, I take it sometime […]. But if I don’t have it, I don’t take it, you know. Because I called and say, I’m out it for four days. Well, we going to send you some, and we going to rush this order, they say […] and then they told me to go to (Store name) and pick it up today, but I didn’t do all that. [DBPID_002]

Other participants expressed that the unavailability of resources to help with self-management, and a lack of knowledge about diabetes or how to ask provider questions hindered their ability to control diabetes through medications.

[…] people don’t know how to get medication. They don’t know how to access care, so they don’t go […]. Now because I work in healthcare, I know some of the community resources that we can tap into to […] help. But she wouldn’t have known […]. Think about our people in the community that are undereducated and don’t know, our seniors that don’t realize what’s out there that can help them… that’s really hard for our community if they don’t know that resources are available […] So they don’t get the information. They don’t know […] how they should eat […], and maybe they don’t even know that they have diabetes. [DBPID_0023]

Reasons for adherence

On the other hand, some AAs reported taking their medications for various reasons including valuing being alive to perform their social and family roles, and belief in health care, for example, doctor recommendation and medication helpfulness.

Functional roles

Medicines allowed participants do their job (social role) (Table 1).

And the only time that I started really to pay attention with it […]. I had to go take tests for my job […] and when you have to get your A1c down to a certain […]. For your job […], so then, that’s when I started accepting it and said, DBPID_0014, you’ve got to get on this medicine, you know, because you got to get that down so that you can do your job. And so that’s when I really started taking it, you know, seriously. [DBPID_0014]

Table 1 African-Americans’ reasons for medication adherence

Themes	Reasons	Sample quotes
Staying alive to fulfill functional roles	Prevention of diabetes complications and hospitalization	See, what made me take my medication, […] about six months ago, I was in the hospital nine days, simply because of not taking stuff I was supposed to take for my diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma […] that was real stupid. And I was in the hospital. I had to get serious because I couldn’t breathe, my sugars were out of whack. It was just crazy. So that, to me, made me get serious now […] because I don’t want to go through that again. [WOMAN]
	Prevention of death to see family	I just want to be here for my grandkids. I want to be around for my grandkids. That’s why I try to take my medicine. I want to see them grow up to be teenagers. [DBPID_0041]
Belief in health care	Doctor treatment recommendation	There’s all kinds of side effect. I know I get tired when I take some of my meds. I still take it […] Because […] I’m going by what the doctor told me. [DBPID_0041]
	Medication helpfulness	The pills can help you maintain diabetes […] you have to make other life changes along with the pill if you actually want to have some control over diabetes. [DBPID_003] Well, we need them (medications) to survive. [DBPID_0018] I know the medicine has got to be doing something. I know without it, I wouldn’t be here. I’d have been dead. I probably would have had a stroke. I probably would have had a heart attack […] I’d probably be confined in a nursing home somewhere, you know, the whole left side of your body paralyzed, so I don’t take my medicine for granted, because I know that’s the only thing that’s going to keep me alive. [DBPID_0038]

Medications prevented diabetes complications and death, circumstances that could disallow AAs from seeing their family (family purpose) (Table 1).

If you don’t take your medicine, you can end up with cataracts in your eyes. And then you have to have laser surgery, because my mother, she had to have laser surgery about four or five times. If you don’t take your medicine, your body just go. […]. It’s terrible waking up every morning taking medicine. It’s terrible taking shots, pills, for years, to try to stay alive. But you got to do what you got to do to stay alive. [DBPID_0038]

Belief in health care

Participants wanted to listen to the doctor.

I can only use my common sense and do what the doctor tells me to do and take my medicine faithfully […]. I think, you know, God gave you six senses. Right? And so if the doctor tell you you sick, and he tell you you must take this medicine to stay alive, better use your common sense. It’s a wonderful thing to pray and have faith, but God gave you six senses. He told you to listen and learn. [DBPID_0038]

Some AAs believed that the medications helped to control diabetes.

Why would you stop taking something that you know is going to help you? […]. I take mine religiously […]. [DBPID_0034]

Perceived solutions for improving adherence

Participants provided solutions for enhancing medication adherence among AAs by focusing on the role of 1) providers, 2) patients, and 3) the church.

Providers

Participants wanted health care providers to educate AAs about diabetes by focusing on the necessity of taking medicines and the consequences of not taking them (Table 2).

Well […] the doctor, they can let you know […]. This is the damage you’re causing your body […]. Are you okay with this happening to you if you don’t decide to take your medicine? And they just spell it out plain and simple. If you don’t take your medicine, kidney failure, blind. You can get blood clots in your legs. You’re can get your leg amputated. I mean, there’s so many risks, and then they say, well […] this is what I see that has started affecting your system since you’re not taking your medicine. [DBPID_0018]

Table 2 African-Americans’ perceived solutions for improving medication adherence

Roles	Themes	Sample quotes
Provider	Educate on the necessity of medicines and the consequences of not taking them	Your doctor and a pharmacist should tell you like every time you go to the pharmacy […] what I think they should do is tell you, even though you’ve been taking this for a while, and it’s not new to you, you still should take this, because it’s going to help you. They don’t say that. some people don’t like to […] take their medication. I believe that the pharmacist should tell you when you pick up your medication, you should take this because it’s going to help you. [DBPID_0024]
	Scare patient on the seriousness of diabetes complications	You sit down and talk to them sternly or whatever, whatever it takes. [DBPID_0034] I don’t know if they scare them more and say […] you’ll live longer […] you got to be serious, take that approach serious. Fear will wake you up. [DBPID_0041]
	Provider should be educated on working with members of the health care team and the African-American community	Talk to pharmacists […] that pharmacist is your friend. The pharmacist, the doctor, the patient, the family of the patient […], because it should be a teamwork. I think once a year a doctor should sit down with a team of, you know […] (AA patients) like us, and talk. If you working in this community, I think it should be mandated for the doctor to come to a community meeting or to meet and find out his community. [DBPID_0017]
Patient	Support groups and buddy systems	You’ve got to have friends, family members […] talk to each other. Because my family is full of diabetes. Everybody’s got diabetes and high blood pressure or something going on. [DBPID_0041] I always say have a buddy system. You make sure you’ve got a person […] we got to first get ourselves together before we can help somebody else and do education, talking, communication. It’s like be an advocate. But you need someone with you. [DBPID_0017]
	Teach self-advocacy	And I think I have to be a true advocate for myself when I go and see the doctor. And I don’t think that’s the same experience that someone that is non-black experiences. [DBPID_001] […] we’ve got to advocate. you’ve got to be proactive […] In our black community now we lost, when we was growing up we talked […] And now in our community, we don’t have that […] if something happened, the community came together […] have a buddy system. You make sure you’ve got a person […] we got to first get ourselves together before we can help somebody else and do education, talking, communication. It’s like be an advocate. But you need someone with you. [DBPID_0017]
	Ask provider questions	And we don’t ask questions after they say that (you are borderline) Just questioning it […] That’s the thing. We dont question […]. [DBPID_004] You got to learn how to ask, what are the side effects to this pill? Because every pill has a side effect, you know. [DBPID_002]
The church	Act as a communication resource	lot of elders in church […] They be sick. And I think we (the church) act like a health check, and have somebody go, and give their medication, someone advocate for them […] (church name) […] they had health checks. The mothers, they come and say Girl, go over there and see about Ms. So-and-So…see if she’s taking her meds […]. I don’t see that now in church. The church I was going to in (city name) […] we had RNs, home nurse staff […] if you got diabetes, you need help, they will link you to a nurse, and a nurse would help you like that, privately […] maybe two times a year they would have some kind of thing for health […] coming in. But I think the church needs to be more consistent. [DBPID_0017]

Some participants wanted providers to use scare tactics with AAs to illustrate the seriousness of diabetes and its complications (Table 2).

[…] educating and training […] diabetics, and even the people that are related to them, […] in order to get them to see […] it’s time to start taking it serious […] I mean, if it even was a way to show videos of people that have, you know, stuff from Type 2 diabetes, the amputation of toes and limbs and […] cataracts, you know, going blind and all of the many complications that come along from it […]. If you would show that, it’s like being scared to death. [MAN]

Others disagreed on the approach of scaring patients.

Well, everybody got their right. You can’t force it on them. [DBPID_0013]

I don’t know about that one (scaring people), because […] you can’t make nobody take their medication, you know […], if you want to live, you’re going to take your medication. If you don’t, you want to die, don’t take it. It’s common sense. [DBPID_0038]

Participants expressed the need for provider education on societal issues facing minority patients as well as working with other members of the health care team, and the community in providing care (Table 2).

Get educated about black people. Education about the clientele you serve. So you have to know the cultures that you serve […]. So then I challenge their human side about the black people, the Latinos, and people in poverty in this country. And if they don’t understand about how a person has to function in poverty, they’re not going to be able to be a good doctor to those people, because they won’t understand where they got the food stamps, they got to take the bus, they got five kids, they, the husband is gone. [DBPID_0011]

Patients

Participants expressed the need for AAs to support each other using buddy systems, teaching each other self-advocacy, and enhancing self-confidence in diabetes self-management (Table 2).

[Support groups] […] that help people learn about how to cook and eat […]. Because a lot of people with diabetes don’t even know how to cook the right things for they self or how to start. That’s the scary part, at the beginning of learning you got diabetes, how am I dealing with this, how am I going to learn how to take care of myself? [DBPID_0009]

[…] in the high black areas, in the neighborhood centers, they bring in people […] they try to help them to be a self-advocate for themselves. They teach them that if you’re going to stay healthy, you’re going to have to do it […] you’ve got to put the work into it to find out, what is happening with your body and what it is that the black people experience versus the white people’s experience and the doctors’. You have to be an advocate for yourself if you want to survive out here. Knowledge is power, and you have to have a support group. You have to have other people that believe in what you believe in in order for you to push forward. [DBPID_0011]

Participants expressed the need for AAs to ask questions about diabetes and communicate with their providers about prescribed medicines (Table 2).

Communicate, when you go to a doctor, I think communication is key. [DBPID_0017]

The church

Participants wanted the church to act as a health advocate in ensuring medication use by offering consistent help to AAs and presenting opportunities for the community to get information and resources (Table 2).

[…] my church try to bring somebody in to talk to us about it (diabetes) […] they’ll send somebody every once in a while. […] It’s not something consistent, and I think you need consistency with this […]. Maybe once a month you need to come and meet and just sit down and discuss the problems that you’re having with your diabetes. Maybe somebody can help you. [DBPID_0014]

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore why AAs with type 2 diabetes may or may not take their diabetes medicines and their perceived solutions to addressing medication adherence. The study results showed that AAs mostly have intentional reasons for not taking their medicines based on their perception of medications, perception of illness because of disbelief of diabetes diagnosis, and access to medicines and information resources. On the other hand, participants who were adherent with their medications did so to engage in their social and family roles, and because they believed in the doctor’s treatment recommendation, and perceived the medication’s helpfulness. Participant perceptions of solutions for improving medication adherence focused on the roles of patients, health care providers, and the church.

Our study findings compare differently to prior work. Najjar et al examined adherence among Palestinians and showed that patients with a higher level of knowledge about their medications were more adherent to their medications.⁴⁶ In a study conducted in Italy, Napolitano et al showed that patients were more likely to adhere to medications if they had a college degree or higher level of education, took a lower number of total pills per day, and did not use pill organizers.¹⁰ In comparison, the current study further showed that AAs mostly had intentional reasons for not taking their medicines based on their perception of illness and medicines, and access issues. The differences between this study and prior work could be explained by the different methodologies used to collect data as well as cultural and geographical variations in participants and settings. The current study is a qualitative study and unique in that it aimed to qualitatively use focus groups to explore the reasons for adherence/nonadherence, hence providing rich and detailed information on adherence, compared to the use of surveys like prior studies.

Importance of provider–patient communication regarding medicines and diabetes

In this study, AAs reported intentionally not taking their medicines because of their perception of medications. Similar to prior studies among AAs with chronic diseases, participants were concerned about the side effects of their medicines^36,47,48 and were fearful and tired of taking medicines.³⁴ In Krauskopf et al, concerns about medications were important predictors of nonadherence.⁴⁹ Ineffective communication between the patient and the health care provider, possibly due to suboptimal counseling on the benefits and adverse effects of the medicines, has been shown to be related to medication nonadherence.^24,25 These findings highlight the need for providers to focus on educating patients in an effort to alleviate concerns about medicines because they might be linked to AAs’ intentional nonadherence to medicines. Fongwa et al recommended that information on how to handle the side effects of prescribed medication should be provided to AAs in both verbal and print form and at an appropriate literacy level for AAs who are likely to have limited health literacy.³⁴

To be able to fulfill their social and family roles, the AAs in this study wanted to prevent diabetes complications, hospitalizations, and death, hence the reason for taking their medications. Consistent with these findings, in a prior study, AAs reported following their providers’ adherence recommendations because they wanted to live a long life, see their children and grandchildren, as well as prevent death.³⁴ Some participants in this current study wanted a fear-based approach used in discussing the seriousness of the diabetes complications with AAs and health care providers educating AAs with diabetes by focusing on the necessity of taking medicines and the consequences of not taking them. Given the paucity of literature on AAs’ perception of ways of enhancing medication adherence, the study participant’s recommendation to focus education on medication necessity and the negative implications of nonadherence using a fear-based approach could be explored in tailored interventions to increase medication adherence among AAs with diabetes. Irrespective of the approach used, providers should emphasize the importance of medications in preventing complications among AAs while also interweaving positive reinforcements about living well and seeing grandchildren.

AAs reported a lack of knowledge about diabetes and uncertainty regarding how to communicate or ask provider questions hindered their ability to control diabetes through medications. To enhance medication adherence among AAs, health care providers may also need to emphasize the meaning of diabetes and the consequences associated with poor control. A prior study showed that AAs already perceive that health care providers could enhance patients’ knowledge about medications.⁵⁰ In this current study, some participants reported a belief in the doctor’s treatment recommendation and intended to listen to their recommendations because it was “common sense” to adhere to the provider’s advice. Literature shows that trust of physicians is a major factor that influences health care interactions among AAs.^51,52 It is not unexpected that despite the well-known mistrust of health care providers by AAs,⁵² some participants still wanted to adhere to taking their medicines. Other studies have shown that AAs with diabetes may be motivated to prevent diabetes complications for functional reasons but may have no knowledge on how to prevent it.⁵⁰ Efficient patient–provider communication that allows AAs with diabetes to freely ask provider questions may be lacking. In addition, if AAs do not trust their provider or believe that they are competent and caring,⁵³ they may not readily ask questions. Orr Chlebowy et al recommended that one of the most important ways of improving diabetes outcomes among AAs is to identify ways of building patient trust while simultaneously empowering AAs to play active roles during their clinical encounter (eg, asking provider questions).⁵⁰ All in all, it is possible that an underlying mistrust of providers, together with a lack of self-efficacy, led to the study participant’s uncertainty on how to ask provider questions, which subsequently led to their perception of a lack of tools to effectively control diabetes with medications.

Collaborative patient–provider relationships are associated with better medication adherence among AAs with chronic diseases.^54,55 AAs want to be involved in partnerships with their health care providers.⁴⁷ However, for providers delivering care to AAs with diabetes, as shown in this study’s findings, developing a trusting relationship with the patient, the AA community, and caregivers also requires recognizing the societal barriers to controlling diabetes and adherence that AAs face.

Access to information and resources

It is not surprising that the AAs in this current study were frustrated with taking medicines. A prior study reported that AAs are concerned about the time-consuming nature of diabetes and are frustrated with managing the disease because of how it controls their entire day.²⁰ If AAs are frustrated with diabetes as a disease, they may also have trouble managing their medications, which may lead to frustration and fear of taking medicines because of confusions about the administration and uncertainty of what the side effects mean. To enhance medication use among AAs, health care providers, diabetes educators, and pharmacists need to pay attention to perceptions and beliefs about medicines, especially AAs’ emotional reactions to using medicines. Health care providers can provide connections to helpful resources that might help AAs with diabetes address the negative medication perceptions that come up during medication counseling and diabetes education.

Based on our study results, participants intentionally did not take medicines because they did not believe that they had diabetes and the disease did not show any consequences. This seemed like a mismatch between what they have been told and/or observed about diabetes and what their own diabetes experience has been. Numerous studies have reported that patient illness perceptions including beliefs in the cause and consequences of diabetes are related to medication adherence.^48,56–58 AAs’ disbelief or denial of their disease diagnosis may lead to nonadherence.³⁵ To facilitate adherence among AAs who may have misconceptions about their disease, it is important for providers to provide consistent information about patients’ diabetes diagnosis.³⁶ Behavioral interventions that will address harmful and incorrect perceptions of diabetes as well as culturally relevant educational programming that would provide accurate information about diabetes might be beneficial to AAs who may be confused on how diabetes affects their body.³⁴ Adherence interventions that reconcile the differences in AAs’ beliefs regarding diabetes and its treatment and simultaneously engage patients in understanding the medical model of the reason for a disease while also respecting their cultural views are likely to improve medication adherence.^33,59

Participants in this study reported lack of available resources to help with diabetes self-management. There are many resources available to help patients improve diabetes self-management. However, navigating the health care system to access these available resources might be difficult for AAs, especially individuals with low health literacy who may have decreased ability to obtain, process, and comprehend health information.^15,60 AAs with higher health literacy are more likely to have higher levels of confidence in managing health (self-efficacy), and more likely to adhere to their treatment.^61,62 If self-efficacy is one of the most important psychosocial factors that affects medication adherence among AAs,^61,63,64 then tailored health literacy-sensitive medication adherence interventions that focus on improving self-efficacy and enhance access to community resources are needed.

Social support and self-advocacy

The study results showed that AAs intentionally did not take their medication if it was not physically available to them or their caregiver was unavailable to facilitate the use of medicines. In a study of AAs with type 2 diabetes, support from family and peers (who may act as caregivers) was perceived as a major influence in enhancing medication adherence.⁶⁵ AAs believe that family and friends can cue them toward taking action regarding medications by providing direct assistance (eg, picking up the medication), and reinforcing and encouraging positive medication-taking behaviors.⁵⁰ Leveraging social support from family and community is an important consideration for enhancing adherence among AAs with diabetes.

Participants indicated the need for AAs, their families, and the community to come together to support each other through support groups as well as teaching each other self-advocacy and enhancing self-confidence in diabetes self-management. Prior work shows that AAs are likely to be nonadherent because they perceive a lack of control over diabetes.⁵⁰ Increasing social support and positive empowerment by including the social network of AAs (family, friends, and so on) in the management of medicines and diabetes is likely to improve AAs’ perception of control of diabetes and subsequently medication adherence. Community- and peer-based support interventions that build confidence and self-efficacy in diabetes management, and positively motivate and empower AAs to take action toward improving their health may improve medication nonadherence among AAs with diabetes.

This study showed that AAs wanted faith-based organizations such as the church to be actively involved in patient diabetes self-management by being a health advocate and acting as a consistent source of information for AAs. AAs rely on religion as a way of coping with chronic conditions.^47,66 Reliance on religion is a well-recognized cultural characteristic of AAs that needs to be leveraged in enhancing medication adherence.⁴⁷ In fact, the use of the church as an avenue for diabetes education, and discussion of disease self-management skills and medication information should be highly considered as the next frontier for developing and implementing effective medication adherence interventions for AAs with diabetes. The church is useful as a support system to enhance coping with diabetes and could be used as a communication resource for medication adherence intervention dissemination.^47,67

Limitations

The strength of this study is that it qualitatively explored reasons for medication use behavior as well as medication adherence solutions from the experiential perspectives of AAs with diabetes. However, this study had several limitations. Possible recall bias among participants regarding their medication use is a limitation. The focus group questions were a subset of questions from the main focus group guide and may not have been well explored in-depth. The study findings were based on perceptions of AA middle-age adults with diabetes in one Midwestern US state. Reasons for medication adherence and nonadherence might differ by age group and regional location. Future studies will consider exploring these perceptions among other AA age groups and geographic locations. It is important to note that the sample size was 40 participants, which is consistent with the acceptable sample size in qualitative research. One third of the sample had some college education; thus, it is important to be cautious in explaining the findings among AAs from diverse socioeconomic status and education level. Future research can explore perceptions of adherence among a more diverse group of AAs, as barriers and facilitators might be different. Despite these limitations, the findings of this study can inform future research, as well as patient and provider education and training programs.

Conclusion

AAs with type 2 diabetes have varying reasons for not taking their medicines, with most intentionally not adhering because of their perceptions of medicine and illness as well as a lack of access to medicines and information resources. Others take their medications because they value being alive to fulfill their family and social roles and because they believe in their doctor’s recommendation and medication helpfulness. Solutions for enhancing medication adherence should focus on the role of providers in educating patients on the necessity of medications in avoiding the consequences of diabetes complications, the role of patients in supporting and empowering one another in diabetes self-management, and the role of the church in being an advocate and communication avenue for diabetes self-management education.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the study participants and the members of the community advisory board who endorsed this study. We also acknowledge the help of Pam Bracey who assisted with participant recruitment and data interpretation and Sin Chan who helped with the data analysis. This project is supported by the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, grants UL1TR000427 and 5KL2TR000428. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Supplementary material

Focus group questions

• There are several ways to treat diabetes. One way is to use prescription medications. What do you think about using prescription medications to treat diabetes?

• People do not take their medications for many reasons. What are some reasons why you might not take your diabetes medication?

• When doctors prescribe a medication, they want people to take that medication exactly “as directed.” However, we know that does not always happen. What do you think health professionals can do to make it more likely that patients will take their medications as directed?

• Given your experiences, what do you believe can help people take their medicines appropriately (as directed by their doctor)?

• How can we help patients who do not want to take medications at all?

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.