Polypharmacy Among Home-Dwelling Older Adults: The Urgent Need for an Evidence-Based Medication Management Model

Abstract

Ageing populations with multiple chronic conditions challenge low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Older adults frequently depend on complex medication regimens and polypharmacy, both of which can lead to potentially devastating and debilitating medication-related problems and to subsequent far-reaching public health, social, and economic effects. This perspectives article provides an overview of the current state of medication management, reflects on its relevance among polymedicated home-dwelling older adults living with multiple chronic conditions, and proposes patient-centered approaches for optimizing medication management and preventing medication-related problems.

Keywords:

• multiple chronic conditions
• medication-related problems
• caregivers
• interprofessional collaboration
• patient-centered care

Ageing Populations with Multiple Chronic Conditions Challenge Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries

Ageing populations represent one of the most significant current challenges to the long-term sustainability and efficiency of the world’s healthcare and social services systems.¹ Despite increases in life expectancy, older adults are not experiencing better health than previous generations.² Worldwide, the prevalence of multimorbidity in older adults ranges from 55–98%³ In Switzerland, 25.2% of adults aged from 65–79 years old, and 41.3% of those aged 80 or more, live at home with multimorbidity.⁴ Three major operational definitions of multimorbidity co-exist in the literature: co-occurrence of at least two diseases in the same individual; cumulative indices considering both the number and severity of concurrent diseases; and the simultaneous presence of not only diseases but also their associated symptoms and physical and cognitive dysfunctions.³ To properly cover the heterogeneity and complexity of older adults’ health statuses, this paper uses the term multiple chronic conditions to encompass all three definitions.⁵ Older adults living with multiple chronic conditions present a poorer quality of life, declines in functional ability and mobility,³ and shorter life expectancy, particularly those with cognitive impairment and/or cardiovascular disease.⁶ The concept of multiple chronic conditions is also associated with increased psychological distress and repeated and prolonged hospitalizations.³ Although the expanding number of patients with multiple chronic conditions is considered a public health concern, prevalence often remains unclear, especially given the absence of any consensual definition in ongoing epidemiological investigations. Nonetheless, regardless of the definition, multiple chronic health conditions among home-dwelling older adults have been strongly associated with polypharmacy and medication-related problems (MRPs) in multiple observational and epidemiological studies.^7,8

Polypharmacy and Medication-Related Problems

Older people with multiple chronic conditions—particularly those with cognitive impairment and/or psychiatric disorders—frequently depend on complex medication regimens. A recent Swiss study reported that more than 80% of home-dwelling older adults took at least one drug daily, with some taking up to 17.⁹ Indeed, 27% had a daily intake of five or more drugs, with numbers increasing with age: 18% of those aged 69–74, rising to 38% of those aged 85 or more. However, nearly 50% of older adults took at least one medication that was not medically required.⁹

Although the use of multiple medicines or polypharmacy may be clinically appropriate in many cases, it is imperative to identify those older adults with inappropriate polypharmacy prescriptions that may put them at a greater risk of MRPs and adverse health outcomes.^10,11 To distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate polypharmacy, Masnoon et al (2017) conducted a systematic literature review to explore the different definitions of polypharmacy.¹² They found 138 definitions of polypharmacy and associated terms. Although the most commonly used definition of polypharmacy is taking five or more medicines,¹² the variety of definitions could confuse clinicians in practice and make it difficult to assess the safety and appropriateness of a medication therapy in clinical settings. There is an urgent need for an international consensus definition of polypharmacy, including how to assess inappropriate polypharmacy, in order to optimize medication management and clinical follow-up and to enable precisely comparable criteria in research.

Regardless of polypharmacy’s definition, polymedicated older adults are more susceptible to MRPs, including adverse drug reactions, medication errors, and non-adherence, which often result in emergency department visits and hospitalizations.^10,11 Up to 25% of emergency department visits by home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions are attributable to an MRP.¹³ Nonetheless, 60% of MRPs in older patients visiting emergency departments with non-specific signs and symptoms (such as weakness) may go undiagnosed as such, whereas 83% of those MRPs may be accountable for acute morbidity.¹³ MRPs also frequently result in readmission: in one study following older patients for six months after hospital discharge, they were the most frequent cause.¹⁴ Evidence suggests that the risk of an MRP increases not only with age and the number of comorbidities but also with the number of medications prescribed and with certain classes of drugs, such as medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.^11,13 Thus, MRPs can lead to a degradation in the patient’s clinical condition, physical and cognitive decline, an exacerbation of chronic medical conditions, and avoidable health costs.^13,15 MRPs can be devastating and debilitating for older people, and they can have far-reaching public health, social, and economic impacts.

A possible explanation for high numbers of MRPs is that most clinical guidelines and intervention care models were designed using short-term randomized controlled trials involving single health conditions. This contrasts with the current reality of the multiple, chronic, and often interacting health conditions affecting older people. Trying to implement multiple clinical guidelines for a single disease among older adults with multiple chronic conditions may result in contradictory and potentially harmful recommendations.¹⁶ The pathophysiological processes, clinical features, and interactions of age-related conditions must be disentangled, as much as possible, in order to personalize medication and its management and to realign older adults, caregivers, and healthcare systems so as to prevent MRPs.

Due to the high prevalence of polypharmacy and MRPs, together with their impact on older adults’ quality of life and public healthcare expenditure, medication management has emerged as a priority in clinical settings. Its necessity among older adults has also become the focus of considerable research interest and media attention over the last decade (Figure 1). However, the mechanisms behind poor medication management are not well defined.

Figure 1 Papers referenced in Pubmed over the last 20 years on medication management among older adults.

Notes: Graph obtained with the following research equation: (“Aged”[Mesh] OR “Geriatrics”[Mesh] OR “Geriatric Psychiatry”[Mesh] OR “Geriatric Nursing”[Mesh] OR “Geriatric Assessment”[Mesh] OR “Health Services for the Aged”[Mesh]) AND (“Medication Therapy Management”[Mesh] OR “Drug Monitoring”[Mesh] OR “Product Surveillance, Postmarketing”[Mesh] OR “Drug Utilization Review”[Mesh] OR “Deprescriptions”[Mesh] OR “Potentially Inappropriate Medication List”[Mesh] OR “Medication Reconciliation”[Mesh] OR “Medication Systems”[Mesh] OR “Medication Errors/prevention and control”[Mesh] OR “Prescription Drug Overuse/prevention and control”[Mesh] OR ((“Drug Therapy”[Mesh] OR “Drug Prescriptions”[Mesh]) AND (“Self-Care”[Mesh] OR “Patient Education as Topic”[Mesh]))) AND (“1998/01/01”[PDAT]: “2018/12/31”[PDAT]).

The present paper provides a timely addition to the burgeoning body of evidence offering new perspectives on our understanding of medication management—well beyond the act of medical prescription itself—among polymedicated home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

Optimizing Medication Use Among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions

MRPs are a reflection of the complexity of dealing with polypharmacy and age-related multiple chronic conditions; they are causally underpinned by interacting and often unclear pathophysiological, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic processes. Furthermore, the signs of a normal ageing process are not always easy to tell apart from the potential pathophysiological deviations induced by underlying chronic conditions.^17,18 The occurrence of MRPs is strongly affected by a broad range of factors and determinants, which are not confined to single biological systems or human health domains.¹⁷ Environmental and social factors also substantially influence MRPs.¹¹

MRPs are nonetheless preventable with appropriate, well-coordinated primary care.^11,13,19 For example, 20–30% of avoidable older adult readmissions have been directly related to non-adherence.²⁰ Some of the current evidence-based strategies for medication safety and the prevention of MRPs include medication reconciliation, systematic review of prescribed medications, deprescribing, and electronic medication management systems.^21,22

Medication reconciliation is a well-documented good practice corresponding to the process of creating and updating a single list of an older adult’s medication;²³ this ensures a systematic, comprehensive review of all the patient’s current medicines. Prior research has shown that discharge letters received by primary care professionals are frequently inaccurate and lack key information.²⁴ Regular medication reconciliation reduces medication errors by consistent communication across transitions of care, including changes in the clinical setting, medical practitioner, or level of care.²⁵

Regularly and systematically reviewing prescribed medications is a straightforward, effective means of reducing inappropriate prescribing and, therefore, a preventive strategy for avoiding MRPs. Inappropriate prescribing includes potentially inappropriate medications and potential prescribing omissions. Existing screening tools—such as the STOPP/START criteria (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) —recognize the dual nature of inappropriate prescribing by including a list of potentially inappropriate medications (STOPP criteria) and potential prescribing omissions (START criteria).²⁶ Complementary to this, the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria is a list of potentially inappropriate medications that it is preferable for older adults to avoid in most situations or particular health conditions.²⁷

Deprescribing attempts to balance the potential benefits and harms of tapering or ceasing inappropriate medication with the aim of managing polypharmacy and improving outcomes.²⁸ Deprescribing is particularly relevant among frail older adults with multiple chronic conditions, as they face high risks of MRPs, hospitalization, and early death.²¹

Electronic medication management systems are recent digital developments covering prescriptions, administration, pharmacy reviews, medication administration using barcodes, and all the electronic devices devoted to medication management processes.²² Electronic medication management systems contribute to reducing medication errors and enhancing interprofessional collaboration and patient safety by using red flag strategies.^29,30 In recent years, smartphone applications for optimizing medication use have also emerged. However, older adults, who can experience the greatest benefits from more electronic support to improve their medication use, are also the least accustomed to using them.²¹

Integrating Older Adults’ Preferences into Medication Management

Preventability and an understanding of risk factors are crucial to co-constructing interventions to minimize MRPs.^11,19 However, research about MRPs and medication management currently focuses on healthcare professionals’ perspectives, to which the perspectives and experiences of patients and informal caregivers are often secondary. Research into medication management has evolved with little consideration of the perspectives and preferences of older adults themselves. Further studies—using qualitative or mixed research designs—will be essential to identify the logic which home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions apply to the management of their daily medication and how they integrate it into the rhythm of their daily lives and home environments.^14,19 Shared decision-making must be promoted, notably via operational tools providing information on the benefits and risks of medicines in a format which older adults can embrace more easily.³¹ Even though empowering patients to participate in their medication management has beneficial effects—particularly in medication adherence³²—the concept of older adult empowerment and self-management of complex medication regimens, along with their impact on MRPs, has been poorly investigated. Quasi-experimental studies and randomized controlled trials will be essential for any adequate exploration of the effectiveness of innovative interventions aiming to empower older adults’ medication management, improve their competences, and enhance shared decision-making with healthcare professionals.

The Roles and Accountability of Healthcare Professionals

The complexity of care required by home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions leads them to be significant users of healthcare services and to consult many different healthcare professionals.³³ Medication management among this population consequently requires interprofessional collaboration across different healthcare and social services providers and organizations.¹⁶ Besides prescribers, usually general practitioners and different specialist physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other allied health professionals may be involved in and accountable for medication management.¹⁶ In Australia, collaborative home medicines reviews (involving a general practitioner and a pharmacist) have demonstrated their effectiveness in detecting, preventing, and resolving MRPs among home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions.¹⁶ Furthermore, adherence to prescribed medication can also be improved by pharmacist- and nurse-led interventions.^34–37 However, the higher the number of healthcare professionals consulted by home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions, the greater the chance that care may be fragmented and uncoordinated.¹⁶ This can be explained by the different treatment preferences of different healthcare professionals. Home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions often fail to receive the efficient, effective, and coordinated care that they could gain so much from.^38,39 Failure to coordinate care for home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions undeniably increases the risk of MRPs.¹⁶ Those who consult three or more healthcare professionals report receiving conflicting advice, which makes it difficult for them to know which guidance they should follow. Inadequate explanations about medication result in omissions and incorrect dosages, but also in anxiety and confusion in older adults.⁴⁰ Healthcare professionals should feel accountable for optimizing medication management among home-dwelling older adults, particularly during their transitions home from acute care settings. Implementing effective primary care management should be a priority among home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions in order to prevent adverse health outcomes and to promote autonomy in their daily lives. Older adults at a high risk of MRPs should systematically be assigned a primary care manager whose aim is to meet their needs with regards to prevention and chronic conditions. By using planned interactions and ensuring appropriate follow-up, primary care managers can contribute significantly to the prevention of hospital admissions, rehospitalizations, institutionalization in nursing homes, and early death.^41,42

The Role of Informal Caregivers

In addition to healthcare professionals’ contributions to medication management, informal caregivers help to ensure safe, appropriate medication use at home by older adults with multiple chronic conditions, notably among those who may also have cognitive impairment.⁴³–,⁴⁵ Although the role of informal caregivers in medication management is very relevant, various constraints have been reported regarding the time required, anxiety about making mistakes, and the uncollaborative behavior of older adults.⁴⁶ They also face difficulties maintaining continuous supplies of medicines, supporting administrative work, making clinical decisions, and handling conflicts or disagreements with the older adult,⁴⁶ or even with healthcare professionals in regards to ineffective medicinal practices.^43,46 Although several studies have furthered understanding about the daily challenges faced by informal caregivers managing medication for older adults, there has been less insight into any educational or training interventions aimed at improving caregivers’ medication management competences. More studies are required to explore how to efficiently support informal caregivers in their roles as medication managers. Psychoeducation, digital applications, or specialized counselling services provided by pharmacists or advanced practice nurses should also be considered.^44,45,47 Cooperating with informal caregivers and integrating their experiences of shared decision-making should be one of the tasks assigned to primary healthcare professionals. To make this a reality, they could receive backing from their hierarchies and perhaps even financial incentives to support informal caregivers in the optimization of medication management. More research will be needed to analyze the effectiveness of such incentives.

Ways to Bridge the Gap

Optimal medication management is one of the basic preconditions for home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions to be able to remain at home and preserve their quality of life.^7,48 Improving medication management for them not only requires regular monitoring of MRPs and reviewing of prescriptions to eliminate unnecessary medication but also coordinated care by different healthcare and social services providers.⁴⁹ This calls for an integrated, multi-stakeholder model to optimize medication management among home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions. Such a medication management model should be rigorously structured using a care model process embracing development, implementation, and sustainability milestones.⁵⁰ It should also consider the quadruple aim of enhancing the patient’s experience, improving population health, reducing costs, and improving healthcare professionals’ working lives.⁵¹ Indeed, both these frameworks underpin the ongoing mixed-methods research by Pereira et al, which brings together retrospective and prospective findings to promote medication management and prevent MRPs.⁵² Such a model should be able to more adequately capture the biological, clinical, psychosocial, and pharmacological complexities of multiple chronic conditions and polypharmacy. A robust, integrated, multi-stakeholder model that embeds care in the context of where and how older adults with multiple chronic conditions live needs to be developed to prevent the onset and/or progression of MRPs.

Disclosure

This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation’s National Research Programme 74 [407440_183434/1]. Prof. Dr. Armin von Gunten reports grants from the National Research Foundation, during the conduct of the study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.