Quality of Life After Bilateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy and Simultaneous Reconstruction Using Pre-Pectoral Silicone Implants

Abstract

Purpose

Bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (BRRM) can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by up to 95% in women with increased exposure. Although survival is increased, mastectomies can adversely affect a patient physically, psychologically, and psychosexually. High health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is often achieved after simultaneous breast reconstruction (BR) following BRRM; however, data on the pre- and postoperative results of HRQoL are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the quality of life, esthetic outcome, and patient well-being after BRRM and simultaneous implant-based BR.

Patients and Methods

Of the 35 patients who underwent skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy between May 2012 and December 2017 at a university hospital, only 22 completed the evaluation. Baseline data and data on previous operations and operation techniques were retrieved from the patient’s charts. BREAST-Q and short form-36 health survey (SF-36) questionnaires were used to evaluate patient satisfaction and HRQoL.

Results

SF-36 analysis showed a significantly higher score for pain (p=0.043) in our population than in the general female population. Comparing the pre- and postoperative BREAST-Q results, a significant decrease in the physical well-being of the chest (p=0.0179) and a slight improvement in breast satisfaction were observed (p=0.3266). All patients were well-satisfied with the postoperative outcome, reconstruction, and perioperative surgeon care.

Conclusion

Bilateral mastectomy with simultaneous BR using pre-pectoral implants is associated with an HRQoL similar to that of the healthy population. Although bilateral mastectomy may have an immense effect on the psychological, physical, and social aspects, immediate BR preserves the outer appearance and improves self-esteem.

Keywords:

• risk-reducing mastectomy
• implant-based reconstruction
• BRCA1
• BRCA2
• skin-sparing mastectomy
• nipple-sparring mastectomy

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among North American and Western European women.¹ A family predisposition exists in more than 25% of cases.^2,3 Women carrying a pathogenic mutation in the breast cancer gene 1 or 2 (BRCA), as well as those with other genetic susceptibilities or underlying hereditary diseases, are at increased risk of developing breast cancer.^4,5

Reports suggest that bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (BRRM) reduces the risk of breast cancer by up to 95% in women with the BRCA gene mutation and up to 90% in women with strong family predisposition.^6–9 Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) or nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is oncologically safe and associated with improved esthetic outcomes.¹⁰ Studies based on recurrence and survival rates after NSM and SSM have reported equal oncological safety.^11–13 In contrast, bilateral mastectomies are irreversible, highly intrusive, and may be associated with severe complications.¹⁴

Anxiety about developing breast cancer has supported a greater demand for mutation testing and BRRM.⁵ Positive media coverage of celebrities undergoing risk-reducing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (BR) has further promoted this therapeutic option. Until now, the literature has focused mainly on the effectiveness and safety of BRRM with regard to cancer, morbidity, and mortality rates, as well as consideration of established risk models.^1,6,7,15 Although survival is improved, mastectomy can adversely impact the patient, not only at a physical level, but also at psychological and psychosexual levels.¹⁶ BRRM results in permanent change to one’s appearance and affects self-esteem and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To assess HRQoL, the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) can be used as a non-disease-specific and non-organ-specific measuring instrument. Since its introduction, the SF-36 has been continuously developed and is frequently used to monitor the effect of therapy or disease progression.^17–20 Because of the lack of organ-specific questionnaires to quantify HRQoL after esthetic or reconstructive breast surgery, the BREAST-Q was developed by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the University of British Columbia.^21–24

Although high postoperative HRQoL after simultaneous BR following BRRM has been reported, data comparing pre- and postoperative results of HRQoL tests are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated HRQoL, esthetic outcomes, and changes in patient well-being using the SF-36 and BREAST-Q questionnaires preoperatively and after BRRM and simultaneous implant-based BR.

Patients and Methods

Study Population

The prospective single-center study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee (021/17-ek) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for the publication of all data and accompanying images was obtained from all patients.

This analysis reviewed 35 patients who underwent SSM or NSM between May 2012 and December 2017 at the University Hospital of Leipzig.

The inclusion criteria were as follows: female sex, diagnosis of a gene mutation predisposing to breast cancer; SSM or NSM with a simultaneous pre-pectoral implant-based reconstruction; and age ≥18 years. Conversely, the exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with current cancer and/or on cancer therapy, patients who needed translation assistance for verbal consent and age <18 years.

Conversely, the exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with current cancer and/or on cancer therapy, patients who needed translation assistance for verbal consent and age <18 years.

The operation choice (NSM vs SSM) was made after detailed information regarding the varying degrees of the remaining residual glandular tissue and the associated risk of developing breast cancer as well as possible occurring side effects and general complications were explained to the patient. After considering the risk and benefit of both procedures, the operative strategy was determined by the patient.

The medical records of each patient were reviewed and baseline data including demographic information, results of standard laboratory tests, medical history, list of current medications, allergies, and operative techniques were retrieved from the patient’s charts.

Pre- and postoperative mastectomy modules of the BREAST-Q and SF-36 questionnaires were used to evaluate patient satisfaction and HRQoL, respectively. Preoperative questionnaires were completed within the week before the operation by the patients themselves. At the follow-up consultation, the evaluation of the postoperative BREAST-Q and SF-36 were administered, and patients underwent breast and upper body measurements. Follow-up was conducted in a mean of 2.15 years (standard deviation [SD] 1.58) after the surgery. During the follow-up investigation a physician performed the clinical inspection and the patients filled out the postoperative questionnaires. The clinical examination included measurements of the breasts and upper body as well as examination of breast sensitivity.

To test the sensitivity, a matrix was applied on the surface of the breast. The absence or presence of touch sensitivity to the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament at the crossing points was recorded. The filament had a thickness of 2.83 mm and the crossing points had a distance of 1 cm to each other. Thus, a sensitivity mapping of the breast was achieved. The results were then assigned to three grades dependent on the lack of sensitivity; grades I, II, and III were defined as a loss of sensitivity of <30%, 30–60%, and >60%, respectively.

The absence or presence of touch sensitivity to the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (2.83 mm thick) at the crossing points (1 cm apart) was recorded. The filament had a thickness of 2.83 mm and the crossing points had a distance of 1 cm to each other. Thus, creating a sensitivity mapping of the breast was achieved. The results were then assigned to three grades dependent depending on the lack of sensitivity; Grades I, II, and III were defined as a loss of sensitivity of <30%, 30–60%, and >60%, respectively.

Surgical Technique

All patients were marked before surgery in a standing position. For reconstruction of the breast, a Wise pattern mastopexy was performed in all patients. Incisions were made around the areola, and the new position of the areola continued down to the inframammary fold following an inverted-T incision line. Before mastectomy, the area between the limbs was deepithelialized. Thereafter, an inferior pedicled flap was raised before the mastectomy was performed. The NAC was preserved and superiorly pedicled. After resection of the gland, we measured and weighed the tissue and selected an appropriate implant, which was placed in the pre-pectoral plane. Thereby, an optimal implant position on the chest wall in accordance with the mastectomy borders could be achieved. The use of artificial material and acellular dermal matrix was avoided. Instead, coverage of the lower implant pole was performed using the raised deepithelialized semilunar flap. In this manner, a pocket for the implant, as well as an inframammary fold, was created. Furthermore, adequate wall thickness at the lower breast pole could be guaranteed.²⁵

One suction drain was inserted into the subcutaneous pocket. Drains remained for at least 24 h and were removed when secretion was less than 30–40 cc/day. We recommended that the patients wear a compression bra for 6 weeks (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Pre- and postoperative photographs of a patient who underwent risk reducing NSM and simultaneous pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction.

Study Instruments

SF-36

To assess patients’ postoperative quality of life, the SF-36 questionnaire was used. SF-36 measures HRQoL and was developed in 1990 based on the medical outcomes study.^17,26 The test instrument includes 36 items divided into eight areas reflecting patient health: physical functioning, role limitation due to physical health, body pain, general health perception, vitality, social role functioning, and role limitation due to emotional health and mental health.^17,19,27,28 Each scale is scored from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the worst health status and 100 the best health status.

BREAST-Q

BREAST-Q is a specific tool for patients undergoing breast surgery to evaluate and investigate HRQoL and patient satisfaction.^16,29–31 The preoperative version of the BREAST-Q reconstruction module assesses: satisfaction with breasts, satisfaction with overall outcome, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and physical well-being of the chest. In the postoperative evaluation, the additional information assessed included: satisfaction with information and the surgeon, medical team, and office staff. Responses to each item in the scales were analyzed using the Q Score software program (Q Portfolio, New York, NY, USA), which converts raw data into summary scores ranging from 0–100. For all BREAST-Q scales, a higher score indicated a better quality of life with greater satisfaction. All domain scores were analyzed pre- and postoperatively.

Statistical Analyses

In patients without cancer gene mutations but with a suspicious family history or lifetime cancer risk >30%, the lifetime risk was calculated using the standardized prediction model, Cyrillic 2.1.3.

Continuous variables were reported as mean±SD and categorical variables as number (percentage). Evaluation of SF-36 and BREAST-Q forms was performed using Shapiro–Wilk, Mann–Whitney U, and t-tests. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

Between May 2012 and December 2017, 35 patients underwent risk-reducing mastectomy with simultaneous implant-based BR. The average age was 40.11 (range: 28–58) years. The average body mass index (BMI) was 27 (range: 18–52) kg/m², and 11 patients had a history of constant nicotine abuse. BRCA1, BRCA2, and partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) gene mutations were found in 19, 13, and one patient, respectively. Concurrently, two patients had no gene mutations but had an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer and an estimated lifetime risk of 30%. The mastectomy procedure preferred by patients was considered in the therapeutic decision. Twenty-six patients were treated by NSM and nine by SSM.

For BR, wise pattern mastopexy was performed in all patients. The mean weight of the gland averaged 340±180 g (range: 80–820 g), whereas the mean implant size averaged 320±65 cc (range: 85–490 cc). Intraoperatively, clinical examination of the mastectomy flaps was performed to evaluate viability. All showed an appropriate capillary refill time.

Twenty-two patients participated in the follow-up evaluations and were included in the final analyses. The postoperative questionnaires were answered during the follow-up examination. The patients were divided into the NSM (n=17) and SSM (n=5) groups. The groups were matched, and no significant differences in the race (p=1.00), BMI (p=0.612), and age (p=0.543) were observed. However, for the intergroup comparison, the sample size (especially that of the SSM group) was too small to evaluate establish the superiority of one group; This comparison was therefore disregarded.

At follow-up, 21 patients showed no impairment of shoulder range of motion. Two patients complained about an uncomfortable restricted feeling during shoulder movements in daily life. However, a restriction in range of motion could not be detected.

Three patients had an early postoperative infection, which healed fully after antibiotic administration. One patient developed a hematoma. Another patient developed a seroma, requiring a single aspiration. No nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis was found postoperatively or at the follow-up.

At the follow-up consultation, four patients showed a capsular contraction grade of 3–4 (Baker). Postoperative infection and impaired wound healing were observed in one patient each. Bottoming-out of the implant was seen in one patient as a late complication. Inspection of the breasts showed hypertrophic scars in three patients. Other wounds healed without any signs of irritation. There was no significant difference between breasts in terms of typical measurements, showing that a symmetrical BR was achieved (Table 1).

Table 1 Postoperative Symmetry Between the Right and Left Breasts

Domain	Average Difference Between the Right and Left Breasts	Range
Jugular-mammillary distance	1.00 cm± 0.69	0–2.0 cm
Mammillary-sternal distance	0.69 cm ±0.69	0–2.0 cm
Diameters of the nipple-areolar complex	0.47 cm ± 0.46	0–1.6 cm
Nipple-to-inframammary crease	0.83 cm ±1.05	0–3.8 cm

SF-36 Results

In the follow-up period, the mean SF-36 scores were: physical functioning 85.90±15.47; physical role functioning 76.13±35.75; bodily pain 75.09±22.73; general health perception 71.63±18.64; vitality 61.13±17.85; social role function 85.79±22.91; emotional role functioning 86.36±31.97; and mental health 74.90±8.27. Figure 2 shows the SF-36 findings and illustrates the course in contrast to standardized reference values of the general female population.²⁷

Figure 2 Results of the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire following mastectomy in the immediate implant-based reconstruction group and the general female population. Red column represents our data collected during this study, blue column represents the data from Bullinger and Kirchberger.²⁷

Compared to reference values, a significantly higher score was recorded for the body pain domain (p=0.043) in our population. For other domains, no significant difference was identified: physical functioning (p=0.508), physical role functioning (p=0.678), general health perception (p=0.160), vitality (p=0.361), social role function (p=0.731), emotional role functioning (p=0.952), and mental health (p=0.175).

BREAST-Q Results

Comparing pre- and postoperative results, we observed a significant decrease in physical well-being of the chest (p=0.0179) and a slight improvement in satisfaction with the breast (p=0.3266) (Table 2).

Table 2 Satisfaction Based on the Pre- and Postoperative Breast-Q Score, Surgery Outcome, and Hospital Staff Behavior in Women (n=22) Who Underwent Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Skin-Sparing Mastectomy

Domain	Preoperative (n=22) (Mean±SD)	Postoperative (n=22) (Mean±SD)	p-value
Satisfaction with the breast	64.86 ± 22.36	70.33 ± 11.98	0.3266
Psychosocial well-being	77.86 ± 17.31	78.73 ± 19.28	0.9292
Physical well-being of the chest	79.32 ± 14.87	68.27± 14.86	0.0179
Sexual well-being	59.10 ± 11.30	58.17 ± 20.10	0.7423
Satisfaction with the results		75.50 ± 19.39
Satisfaction with information		73.45 ± 23.49
Satisfaction with the surgeon		83.23 ± 18.32
Satisfaction with the medical staff		86.36 ± 17.23
Satisfaction with the office staff		90.45 ± 16.83

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

All patients were satisfied with the results of surgery, reconstruction, and perioperative care by the surgeon.

Postoperatively, 12 patients had a unilateral breast grade I sensitivity deficit, whereas six patients had a bilateral breast grade I sensitivity deficit. The main lack of sensation was around the NAC in all patients, correlating with the border of flaps very distal to the mastectomy site.

Discussion

Our study showed a significantly higher score in the SF-36 bodily pain domain (SF-36) than the general female population. All other domains showed no significant difference. Examination of the breast score revealed a significant decrease in the physical well-being as well as, though statistically not significant, a clear improvement in breast satisfaction. Although we expected a lack of touch sensitivity during follow-up, impaired wound healing and pathological capsular contractions were unexpected.

Although BRRM is radical, it is the most effective method for reducing the risk of breast cancer due to germline mutation or hereditary causes in healthy women.^11,13,32,33 It is associated with a breast cancer risk reduction of up to 93%³⁴ and the mortality rate is reduced postoperatively.³⁵ Although there is no fixed associated value for threshold risk, in women with highly penetrant genes or strong family history, careful analysis of the benefit-risk ratio must be performed.^36,37 Furthermore, the possibility of a conservative approach should be considered. However, as represented in our population, patients with germline mutations or those at an increased risk due to their family history often opted for a risk-reducing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction.³⁸

NSM and SSM are appropriate for mutation carriers and are oncologically safe.^11–13 Far beyond its importance as an organ, the breast is a visible symbol of femininity, attractiveness, and sexuality.³⁹ Risk-reducing mastectomy has a great impact on appearance, as well as on the patients’ physical, social, and psychological functioning.^16,40–42 Therefore, simultaneous reconstruction of the breast is important to preserve esthetics and patient self-esteem. Retention of the NAC as performed in NSM further provides the patient with a sense of wholeness and greatly impacts the decision-making process of patients considering BRRM.⁴³ In 2017, Bailey et al showed that patients who underwent NSM had a better HRQoL than patients who underwent SSM.⁴⁴ Furthermore, NAC preservation has been shown to improve body image due to a closer similarity with the patient’s original breast and a more positive psychological aspect.^39,45–47 Another advantage is that in the case of a larger or ptotic breast, reshaping of the breast envelope can be performed, thereby improving form and appearance of the breast,⁴⁸ and a previously failed symmetry or adjustment of ptotic or larger breasts can be corrected. Even though most women have breast asymmetry, symmetrical appearance is one of the most important factors influencing patient satisfaction.⁴⁹ Therefore, NSM was the preferred surgical procedure in the enrolled patients.

For women with a future risk of breast cancer and considering BRRM, the focus of the consultation lies not only on providing clinical information on survival and recurrence rates, but also on HRQoL and body image, as well as psychosocial aspects.^46,50 Therefore, preoperative information regarding the expected HRQoL influences the decision-making process of women considering prophylactic bilateral mastectomy.⁵¹

The SF-36 results of our sample differed only slightly from that of the general female population. This indicates that risk-reducing mastectomy and simultaneous BR have only a minor influence on the physical and psychological values 2 years postoperatively. These results are largely consistent with the current literature.^52,53 However, in our patients, a significantly higher score in the pain domain was recorded. This seems contradictory; however, high scores in the domain “pain” represents a characteristic painlessness. Often, respondents include all kinds of pain (headache, back pain, etc.) when answering the pain questions, and answers are not limited to the patients in the study related the question not to only surgery-associated chest pain. If we considered the above, it meant that we recorded less pain in our sample compared to the general population, which included those with both acute and chronic illness.

However, some changes in the HRQoL due to BRRM are typically related to self-image and body image and are not well represented in SF-36 scales. Moreover, because of these potential limitations, we used the BREAST-Q to capture items representing female self-esteem and body image. Though not statistically significant, a clear improvement in satisfaction within the breast domain was observed. The improvement in this domain was most likely due to the appealing postoperative esthetic appearance of the breasts, which compensates for the psychological trauma of mastectomy.⁵⁴ Ueda et al suggested that a persistent high score in psychological well-being may be an indirect result of the esthetic outcome.⁵⁵ Furthermore, sexual well-being scores remained consistently low. The low level in this domain is most likely due to the embarrassment of being confronted with such intimate details.^10,16,56 We recorded a significant decrease in physical well-being. Although this result was disappointing, it is consistent with the current literature.^57,58

Despite appealing esthetic results, animation deformity, muscle spasm, and postoperative pain remain potential consequences of subpectoral placement that can significantly affect the quality of life.^59,60 Furthermore, the implant in the subpectoral plane may only be partially covered. To complete the pocket and fully protect the implant, an acellular dermal matrix is often used, thereby a naturally appearing breast without compromising the mastectomy flaps can be created.⁶¹ However, Thangarajah et al showed a comparison of sub- and pre-pectoral implant-based reconstruction of the breast following NSM and SSM where the physical well-being and the other domains of the HRQoL were similar in both groups.⁴⁸ Furthermore, the sub-pectoral group had a significantly higher rate of major complications.⁶² Additionally, due to the extensive manipulation of the pectoralis muscle, stronger pain and longer recovery time were observed in this population.^63–65 In the pre-pectoral plane, an acellular dermal matrix can be used to build a pocket for the implant, or even be completely wrapped around the implant and anchor it to the chest wall.^61,66 Hereby, a stable position of the fully covered implant is achieved, and additionally pressure is taken off of the skin flaps.^67,68

In case of persistent breast discomfort, revision and reconstruction with an autologous tissue transfer are helpful alternatives. The free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap technique is a well-established procedure resulting in a more natural appearance and movement of the breast, which meets the patient’s requirement for a natural physiological feel. HRQoL analyses have revealed significantly higher satisfaction with breasts and physical well-being using this technique.^22,69–71 However, “feeling of well-being” decreases drastically after autologous BR due to abdominal donor-site morbidity.⁶⁹ Reconstruction is a complex procedure requiring excellent microsurgical expertise, and it is accompanied by a longer intraoperative time of up to 8–10 hours in bilateral reconstruction, a longer postoperative recovery period, and possible donor-site complications.⁷¹

As earlier presented by Sullivan et al, our study found no association between BMI and complications after BRRM.⁷² As repeatedly described in the literature, we found that the prevalence of early complications such as impaired wound healing was higher in the smoking sub-population than in non-smoking women.^4,73 Although the difference was not statistically significant, it did influence HRQoL outcome.

There were some limitations in our study design. Although we were able to demonstrate the statistical significance in our analyses, our sample size was rather small. Furthermore, the rating of the medical team may contain a bias due to the subjective in rating. Nevertheless, we were able to match the NSM and SSM groups by race, sex, BMI, and age. The sample size, especially in the SSM group, was too small to establish the superiority of one group over the other in an intergroup comparison.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy with simultaneous BR using pre-pectoral implants possess an HRQoL equal to that of healthy women. Apart from the reduced physical well-being regarding the chest, HRQoL remained constant in the pre- and postoperative periods. Furthermore, an improvement in breast satisfaction was observed in our study. We found no significant psychological differences between the pre- and postoperative situations. However, a bilateral mastectomy is a stressful experience for a woman which can have immense effects on psychological, physical, and social well-being. Therefore, we recommend that in daily clinical practice, immediate reconstruction of the breasts should be performed as it preserves the esthetic appearance of the breasts, thereby improving patient self-esteem.

Abbreviations

BRCA, Breast cancer gene; BRRM, Bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy; BMI, Body mass index; HRQoL, Health-related quality of life play; JMD, Jugular-mammillary distance; NAC, Nipple-areolar complex; PALB2, Partner and Localizer of BRCA2.

Data Sharing Statement

Raw and analyzed data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the local ethics committee of the University of Leipzig (021/17-ek) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study has been registered at the German clinical study register (DRKS00024043).

Informed Consent

The participants provided written informed consent for participation in this study, and for the publication of all data and accompanying images.

Disclosure

Dr Susanne Briest reports honoraria for presentations or participation and aboard or support for travelling to conferences from Pfizer, Genomic Health, Eisai, Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Pierre Fabre, Roche, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Novartis, and Teva, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the German Research Foundation and Leipzig University within the Open Access Publishing program.