Narrative review of telemedicine consultation in medical practice

Abstract

Background

The use of telemedicine has grown across several medical fields, due to the increasing number of “e-patients”.

Objective

This narrative review gives an overview of the growing use of telemedicine in different medical specialties, showing how its use can improve medical care.

Methods

A PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus search was performed using the following keywords: telemedicine, teleconsultation, telehealth, e-health, and e-medicine. Selected papers from 1996 to 2014 were chosen on the basis of their content (quality and novelty).

Results

Telemedicine has already been applied to different areas of medical practice, and it is as effective as face-to-face medical care, at least for the diagnosis and treatment of some pathological conditions.

Conclusion

Telemedicine is time- and cost-effective for both patients and health care professionals, encouraging its use on a larger scale. Telemedicine provides specialist medical care to patients who have poor access to hospitals, and ensures continuity of care and optimal use of available health resources. The use of telemedicine opens new perspectives for patients seeking a medical second opinion for their pathology, since they can have remote access to medical resources that would otherwise require enormous costs and time.

Keywords:

• telemedicine
• health care
• patient

Background

Nowadays, the importance of telemedicine consultation has grown across several medical fields, and patients are a virtual entity dressed with “binary clothes”. In 2005, 83% of Dutch citizens, aged between 12 and 75 years, had access to the Internet, and 47% of them used the web to obtain medical information.¹ Furthermore, a 2009 report showed that 74% of all US adults used the Internet, and 61% used this technology to seek medical information.² Given the availability of the Internet in numerous countries, medical science and practice have arranged new strategies to cope with the patient’s needs, such as telemedicine, as showed by a study dating back to the 1970s with the aim of improving the patient’s care and efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic treatments in remote hospitals.³ Telemedicine can be defined as the use of electronic means to transfer medical data from one place to another.⁴ At advanced levels, it may include the use of telecommunication facilities such as teleconferencing, while at a basic level it may include medical record keeping, data processing, and phone or email consultation.⁵ Telemedicine is mostly helpful in reducing the time needed to consult a specialist in underserved areas with small populations or densely populated areas lacking in resources. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, on average, there are fewer than ten medical doctors per 100,000 people and 14 countries do not have radiologists.⁶ This area could benefit from the use of telemedicine in basic medical care, as well as teleradiology. This review gives an overview of the growing use of the telemedicine approach in different medical fields, underlying its importance as a valuable tool for the diagnosis and treatment of several pathological conditions.

Review search criteria and aim

A PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus search was performed using the following keywords: telemedicine, teleconsultation, telehealth, e-health, and e-medicine. Selected papers from 1996 to 2014 were chosen on the basis of their content (quality and novelty). In this review, after a second screening, we included the ten areas of medicine that used the telemedicine approach more frequently, ie, psychiatry, cardiology, dermatology, surgery, ophthalmology, genetics, oncology, gastroenterology, dentistry, and geriatrics. Before the second screening, we retrieved 3,973 articles, and after the second screening, we included 56 articles in addition to some reviews regarding the telemedicine area. At least two reviewers independently assessed the retrieved studies for inclusion (ADC, JCMM, and TI). If an agreement could not be reached, a further reviewer arbitrated (BP). This review endeavors to list different applications of telemedicine in different medical specialties. A summary of our findings is provided in Table 1.

Table 1 Summary of key findings for telemedicine applications in different medical specialties

Medical specialty	Purpose of telemedicine application	Outcome	Reference(s)
Surgery	Neurosurgical consultation	Reduction of the time required for consultation	Rogers et al^Citation34
	Fine-tissue laparoscopic manipulation	Successful laparoscopic radical prostatectomy	Abbou et al^Citation37, Link et al^Citation35 and Rassweiler et al^Citation38,Citation39
		Successful remote monitoring and assistance during laparoscopy	Nguan et al^Citation42, Rassweiler et al^Citation43, and Varkarakis et al^Citation44
		Successful laparoscopic pyeloplasty	Luke et al^Citation40 and Nguan et al^Citation42,
		Successful minimization of esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy	Melvin et al^Citation41
		Successful use of telesurgery applied to urology	Varkarakis et al^Citation44
	Intercontinental telelaparoscopic adrenalectomy	Successful adrenalectomy	Janetschek et al^Citation45
	Training and mentoring to community surgeons	Successful training and mentoring	Anvari^Citation46 and Rassweiler et al^Citation43
	Nephrectomies in porcine models	Procedure completed successfully	Sterbis et al^Citation48
Ophthalmology	Screening for cytomegalovirus retinitis	High sensitivity and specificity	Ausayakhun et al^Citation49
	Macular disorder referral	The majority of patients received their responses from the ophthalmologist the same or the next day	Kelly et al^Citation50
	Diabetic retinopathy-screening examinations	Participants did not require a follow-up with an eye care provider	Mansberger et al^Citation51
	Diagnosis of treatment-warranted retinopathy of prematurity	High sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for detection of treatment-warranted retinopathy of prematurity	Fijalkowski et al^Citation52
Pathology and microbiology	Second-opinion service on frozen sections	Limitation of unnecessary patient transfer	Têtu et al^Citation64
	Digitalization of frozen section and tissue-smear preparations of brain tumors	Reliable diagnosis before intervention	Gould and Saikali^Citation65
	Consultation over difficult cases	Time and cost reduction	Ayad and Yagi^Citation66
	Diagnosis of infectious diseases during missions	Gaining of microbiology expertise without the physical presence of an expert	Scheid^Citation67
Oncology	Teleoncology visits	Cost reduction	Doolittle et al^Citation69
Gastroenterology	Telerehabilitation system for dysphagia	Excellent level of agreement between the telerehabilitation and face-to-face approach	Sharma et al^Citation70
Dermatology	Teleconsultation in remote countries	Consultations had an average reply time of 5 hours	McManus et al^Citation72
	Virtual lesion clinic assessment	Reduction in average waiting times and patient costs for first assessment	Lim et al^Citation73
Cardiology	Telemanagement services for patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Cost decrease	Bernocchi et al^Citation22
	Telediagnosis for cardiac surgery	Successful cardiac surgery	Sekar and Vilvanathan^Citation23
	Remote fetal echocardiograms	Successful diagnosis of congenital heart disease	McCrossan et al^Citation26
	Home TV channel for teleguiding chronic heart failure patients	Reliable and efficient tool for patient management	Balk et al^Citation28
	Neonatal cases with suspected cardiopathy surveillance	Successful surveillance	Triunfo et al^Citation29
	Remote sonography in a pediatric cardiology center	Successful diagnosis	Widmer et al^Citation30
Dentistry	Interceptive orthodontic services provided to disadvantaged children in order to reduce malocclusion severity	Reduction in malocclusion severity	Berndt et al^Citation75
	Consultation between US Armed Forces dentists and specialists on patients’ status	Easy and cost-effective access of dentists to specialists Improvement in the quality of care	Rocca et al^Citation76
		Better decision making and better communication between dentists and their patients
Psychiatry and neurology	Intervention delivery by geographical information system	Improved the patients’ and their caregivers’ quality of life, providing at the same time a continuity of care	Bramanti et al^Citation9
	Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment by videoconferencing	High patient satisfaction if compared with the discomfort of talking in person about painful past events	Frueh et al^Citation12, Germain et al^Citation14, and Morland et al^Citation13
	Depression-related disorders	Increased satisfaction and reduced costs	Ruskin et al^Citation17, Fortney et al^Citation16, Moreno et al^Citation18, and Fortney et al^Citation15
	Teleconferencing to diagnose and assess potential psychiatric disorders in asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants	The majority of patients reported a high level of acceptance and satisfaction, as well as willingness to use teleconferencing again or recommend it to others	Mucic^Citation19,Citation20
	Referral diagnosis replay	Neurologist was confident of the diagnosis in the majority of the referrals	Patterson et al^Citation10
	Therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorders	The majority of patients were highly improved and no longer met diagnostic criteria for obsessive–compulsive disorders	Vogel et al^Citation11
Genetics	Screening for potential genetic syndromes using telemedicine	Telegenetic diagnoses were confirmed at the clinic in seven out of eight children	Stalker et al^Citation60
	Videoconferencing to deliver genetic counseling services	High level of satisfaction	Meropol et al^Citation61 and d’Agincourt-Canning et al^Citation62
	Genetic counseling for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer	Reduction in travel and associated costs	Zilliacus et al^Citation58
Geriatrics	A remote-site management	Rapid decision making in the presence of acute or subacute emergencies	Pallawala and Lun^Citation77 and Hao et al^Citation83
		Reduction in unnecessary admissions and improvement in nursing skills in geriatric care
		Reduced medical errors, mortality, and hospital length of stay, but high cost for telecommunication technology implementation
	Mobility-impaired-patient management	Effective and alternative care model that could be integrated into existing home-care services	Arnaert and Delesie^Citation79 and Tchalla et al^Citation82
		Reduction in falls at home, as well as greater reduction in postfall hospitalization rate
	In-home telerehabilitation of elderly	Valuable resource for both information and communication needs	Mix et al^Citation78 and Tousignant et al^Citation81
		Satisfaction of both health care professionals and patients

Telemedicine applications in different medical specialties

Psychiatry and neurology

Numerous studies have used different forms of telemedicine to treat, diagnose, and monitor mental health issues, and have been previously reviewed.^7,8 For example, Bramanti et al analyzed the optimal location of territorial telemedicine spots near to general practitioner clinics for a more reliable teleneurology service. They allowed the use of telemedicine intervention by means of a geographical information system to several patients affected by multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. This strategy improved the patients’ and their caregivers’ quality of life, providing at the same time a continuity of care.⁹ In a further study, between 2004 and 2007, referral patterns to the Swinfen Charitable Trust (UK) from the Middle East (283 referrals from Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Kuwait) and from the rest of the developing world (500 referrals) were compared.¹⁰ The median time required by the specialist to reply to the 283 referrals was 1 day. A significant difference, in terms of specialty referrals between the Middle East and the rest of the world, was observed, with a higher referral rate observed in obstetrics (18% of Middle Eastern referrals versus 6% of referrals from the rest of the world). In 20 out of 27 neurology referrals from Middle Eastern countries, the neurologist was reasonably confident about the diagnosis. The need for referrals using telecommunications technology also concerns clinical practitioners who seek an adequate training in specific medical issues, such as specific cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).¹¹ Vogel et al reported the use of videoconference- and cell phone-based cognitive behavioral therapy in six patients with a variety of OCDs. Four out of six patients improved considerably and no longer met diagnostic criteria for OCD. As far as treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder is concerned, three separate studies indicated that videoconferencing is considered as successful as face-to-face therapy. Moreover, patients were satisfied with videoconferencing with respect to the discomfort of talking in person about painful past events.^12–14 In subjects who suffer from depression-related disorders, four different studies involving more than 800 patients showed that videoconferencing was equal to face-to-face monitoring, and most notably there was an increase in adherence to the appointments and medication treatment, increased satisfaction, and reduced costs.^15–18 In Denmark, two pilot studies involving a total of 91 patients used teleconferencing to diagnose and assess potential psychiatric disorders in asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants.^19,20 Seventy-five patients completed a retrospective questionnaire survey at the end of treatment, reporting a high level of acceptance and satisfaction, as well as willingness to use teleconferencing again or recommend it to others. In summary, in the field of neurology, telemedicine can be effectively used for the diagnosis and treatment of at least some neurological conditions.

Cardiology

Telecardiology is a highly developed medical discipline involving almost every aspect of cardiology, including acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.²¹ Recently, an Italian project called TELEMedicina Ai piccoli COmuni lombardi (TELEMACO) provided home-based telemanagement services for patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in selected territories with socioeconomic and infrastructural difficulties within rural areas of the Lombardy region. As a result, second-opinion teleconsultations in cardiology (4,830), dermatology (51), and diabetology (44), as well as teleconsultations in digital images concerning cases of traumatic brain injury (79) and stroke (68), were carried out with a substantial cost decrease.²² In India, 18 out of 102 pediatric consultations between a tertiary care cardiac center and a remote rural hospital received successful cardiac surgery following telediagnosis.²³ Teleconsultations were also particularly useful for measuring changes in high-risk subjects’ lifestyles and reducing the risk of coronary disease,²⁴ and in reducing systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol levels.²⁵ In the UK, remote fetal echocardiograms confirmed telemedicine usefulness to diagnose congenital heart disease,²⁶ and a pediatric telecardiology service was compared with the conventional service to evaluate patients’ costs and outcomes.²⁷ In the latter study, cardiologists, district clinicians, and families perceived telecardiology as a reliable and efficient tool. In the Netherlands, 214 patients affected by chronic heart failure received a home TV channel and were teleguided by a medical service center.²⁸ In Italy, at the pediatric cardiology unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu (Cagliari), a system based on the transmission of two simultaneous video streams was used to survey a small group of neonatal cases with suspected cardiopathies.²⁹ In Switzerland, 191 out of 194 children received a correct diagnosis of cardiovascular disease by an experienced sonographer in a remote hospital.³⁰ These echocardiograms were transmitted to a distant tertiary care pediatric cardiology center by a telemedicine link across three Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines.³¹ Moreover, echocardiography-telemedicine efficacy was assessed in emergency conditions, in particular after regular working hours using a laptop computer.³² In the Netherlands, subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia were monitored to perform changes in their lifestyle habits, and were assigned either to a web-based lifestyle advice and personal counseling or to usual therapy for 12 months. At the end of the study, there were no differences in markers of risk associated with the disease.³³ In summary, evidence supports the use of telecardiology as a reliable and cost-effective tool in terms of risk reduction, when used for diagnostic purposes, if compared with long-term face-to-face monitoring.

Surgery

Telesurgery can be defined as surgery performed by a surgeon who is not present in the same physical location of the patient. In 2003, in the first Italian telesurgery project, named RESPECT (REte SPECialistica per il Trauma), seven peripheral hospitals of the Messina area were connected to the Neurosurgery Department of the University of Messina.³⁴ A population of 684,703 people was monitored through a high-technology “hub-and-spoke” network (hub = university; spoke = connected hospitals). On average, neurosurgical consultation time was greatly reduced from 160 to 38 minutes. Therefore, telemedicine can be used to greatly reduce consultation time in the field of surgery. Telesurgery has also found applications for remote control of robotic computer-enhanced manipulators to facilitate certain operations requiring fine-tissue laparoscopic manipulation^35,36 such as radical prostatectomy, pyeloplasty, and Heller myotomy.^37–44 In 1997, the first intercontinental telelaparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed between the US and Austria.⁴⁵ Furthermore, in 2007, the Centre for Minimal Access Surgery at McMaster University used broadband Internet and telecommunication systems to provide distance training and mentoring to community surgeons living in remote northern communities in Canada.⁴⁶ Another fascinating and futuristic aspect of telesurgery is the possibility to perform space operations. Several prototype systems have been created worldwide with the objective of facilitating telesurgery in space, ie, robot-assisted microsurgery (USA), the M7 robot (USA), the KineMedic and the most recent MiroSurge robots (Germany), and the Array of Robots Augmenting the KiNematics of Endoluminal Surgery (ARAKNES) project (Italy).⁴⁷ These technologies enable physicians to perform surgical procedures with the aid of robotic systems, as shown by Sterbis et al⁴⁸ as well as Haidegger et al.⁴⁷ Therefore, telesurgery allows a reduction in consultation time, training, and mentoring among different geographic areas without the expensive mobilization of experts.

Ophthalmology

Several studies have applied telecommunication technology to deliver ophthalmology services at a distance. For instance, the use of a sophisticated digital retinal camera was used for a diagnostic screening for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in northern Thailand.⁴⁹ In this study, between 2008 and 2009, 182 eyes from 94 patients affected by HIV were photographed and electronically graded for signs of CMV retinitis by three experts. Remote-grading results were then compared with on-site patient examination by local expert ophthalmologists. Detection of CMV retinitis by remote experts had a sensitivity of 88.8%–91.0% and a specificity of 84.9%–88.2% when compared with the gold standard – indirect ophthalmoscopy. Based on this evidence, telemedicine proved to be effective for HIV diagnosis when the number of patients exceeds the possibility of local eye care providers. Furthermore, telemedicine is useful for speeding up the response to patients affected by macular disorders. The value of telemedicine in the field of ophthalmology was also showed by Kelly et al who described a quality improvement in terms of response delivery for referral to National Health Service patients with macular disorders from a community optometry setting (Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton and Wallwork Opticians, Salford) in an urban area.⁵⁰ In particular, 50 patients were monitored over 1 year using the telemedicine approach, and their responses were provided by hospital eye service-based ophthalmologists to the community optometrist or patient within the same day in 34 cases (68%) and the next day in 14 patients (28%). Eventually, 33 patients (66%) required further face-to-face medical examination, whereas 17 (34%) were managed in the community with a consequent cost improvement. A further study compared the telemedical approach with traditional surveillance with an eye care provider in order to perform diabetic retinopathy-screening examinations.⁵¹ Compared to the traditional surveillance group, telemedicine-treated patients were more likely to receive a diabetic retinopathy-screening examination within the first year of enrollment. Although 61 out of 296 patients within the telemedicine group required a further evaluation with an eye care provider, mainly due to poor-quality digital images, the introduction of nonmydriatic cameras reduced the number of participants who did not require a follow-up with an eye care provider. Further, telemedicine was also successfully used for diagnosis of treatment-warranted retinopathy of prematurity.⁵² After 5 years of screening of 511 infants, this report from Stanford University demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 99.8% specificity, 93.8% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value of telemedicine for detection of treatment-warranted retinopathy of prematurity screening in infants. Therefore, numerous studies have shown the value of telemedicine in the ophthalmology field by performing examinations far from the clinics.

Genetics

Telegenetics offers an alternative method to deliver genetic counseling services, and has been previously reviewed.^53–57 A study showed that 12 women who had received genetic counseling for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer expressed their satisfaction with telegenetics in terms of reduced travel and associated costs.⁵⁸ Recently, Scheuner et al conducted a web-based survey of Veterans Health Administration clinical leaders, which revealed that cancer genetic and neurogenetic consultations were the most common. The traditional model of multidisciplinary specialty clinics or coordinated services between geneticists and other providers proved the most efficient. On the contrary, telegenetic consultations showed some variability in terms of service organization, thus influencing the quality of care.⁵⁹ In 2006, a genetics counselor and a pediatrician performed a physical examination to screen for potential genetic syndromes in eight children via telemedicine at first and then face-to-face by a clinical geneticist.⁶⁰ In seven children, telegenetic diagnoses were confirmed at the clinic. Moreover, none of the telegenetic diagnoses were deemed inaccurate. Therefore, these preliminary data suggest that telegenetics is a reliable tool to provide quicker confirmation of the absence of a particular genetic syndrome. A further study involving 31 adults examined the feasibility of home videoconferencing to provide cancer genetic education and risk information to subjects with possible hereditary colon, breast, or ovarian cancer syndromes.⁶¹ All participants stated that they would recommend Internet-based counseling to others, and also reported a high level of satisfaction. The delivery of a genetic counseling service has been evaluated by the BC Cancer Agency’s Hereditary Cancer Program for British Columbia and Yukon residents. This agency assessed the acceptability and effectiveness of videoconferencing to deliver genetic counseling services to 64 patients living in rural and remote areas of British Columbia.⁶² At the end of the study, both patients’ and counselors’ surveys showed a favorable response to videoconference appointments, either in terms of costs or time saved. Telegenetic counseling was also compared to face-to-face consultations in terms of psychological approach to the diagnosis.⁶³ A significant reduction in cancer-related anxiety levels and high satisfaction levels were reported, as well as a trend toward increased cancer genetic knowledge, thus indicating that telegenetic consultation could be considered as an alternative to face-to-face consultations. Therefore, telegenetic counseling for hereditary diseases is well suited to the exchange of medical information and medical records, considering the possibility that a hereditary cancer syndrome may be present, and reviewing risk-management strategies based on the patient’s family cancer history.

Pathology and microbiology

Telepathology and telemicrobiology relate to the electronic transmission of images from one location to another with the aim of interpreting and formulating a diagnosis. In eastern Quebec, a successful telepathology project provided a uniform diagnostic telepathology service across a large geographic region with a low population density.⁶⁴ This project provided surgeons and pathologists with frozen-section and second-opinion services across the whole region to limit unnecessary patient transfer. Frozen-section and tissue-smear preparations from 30 cases of brain tumors were digitized at 20× magnification and used for intraoperative telepathology without affecting the image quality.⁶⁵ Recently, a pilot telepathology project between the Italian hospital Umberto Primo in Cairo and the Civico Hospital in Palermo was published.⁶⁶ This project began in 2003 and has been extended until 2012, showing the usefulness of telepathology in consulting about difficult cases in a time- and cost-effective fashion. In summary, in the field of pathology, telemedicine is useful for achieving diagnosis through the travel of specimen digital images without the necessity of moving the patient. In this field, teleconsultation is cost-effective and reliable for rapid consultation on difficult pathological cases, especially in emerging countries.

As for microbiology, it has been recently combined with telemedicine in order to provide rapid on-time diagnosis of infectious diseases during missions.⁶⁷ For example, a camera and related software were installed in mission laboratories where teleparasitology was the most used application. The final result was the gaining of microbiology expertise in the area of the mission without the necessity of the physical presence of an expert.

Oncology

Hazin and Qaddoumi⁶⁸ proposed that:

Teleoncology-oncology applications of medical telecommunications, including pathology, radiology, and other related disciplines have the potential to enhance access to and quality of clinical cancer care, and improve education and training.

In particular, at the 2010 American Telemedicine Association meeting, Doolittle et al showed a detailed summary of the costs associated with delivering cancer care by videoconferencing over a 10-year period at the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas. In 1995, 103 teleoncology visits resulted in a cost per visit of $812; in 2000, $410 for 121 visits; in 2003, $401 for 219 visits; and in 2005, $251 for 235 visits.⁶⁹ While the number of teleconsultations has been rapidly increasing, these data clearly show that teleoncology has become less expensive throughout the years.

Gastroenterology

Telemedicine allows gastroenterologists to provide different forms of care to patients in remote locations. In 2011, in ten simulated cases with a range of swallowing difficulties, dysphagia was assessed simultaneously by a face-to-face speech pathologist and a telerehabilitation speech pathologist. Simulated patients were individually examined by a clinical swallowing examination protocol, which was administered with the support of an assistant via an Internet-based videoconferencing telerehabilitation system. Excellent levels of agreement between the telerehabilitation speech pathologist and the face-to-face speech pathologist for all clinical swallowing examination parameters were observed.⁷⁰ In another area of gastroenterology, endoscopic images of 2,084 patients were recorded and evaluated by 55 observers at different locations.⁷¹ This study showed adequate repeatability and intraobserver agreement of the assessments. These studies suggest that telemedicine can be as effective as face-to-face examination for swallowing disorder assessment and could be applied to other aspects of gastroenterology care.

Dermatology

Telecommunication technology has found application in the field of dermatology. In 2008, the US Army Medical Department allowed the use of a telemedicine system for health care providers in remote countries, including Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, for medical consultations. In a 36-month period, 2,337 consultations (66% for dermatology) were performed, with an average reply time of 5 hours from the receipt of teleconsultation until a recommendation was sent to the referring physician.⁷² More recently, in New Zealand, in a virtual lesion clinic, 88% of patients did not require any subsequent face-to-face clinic assessment to establish the diagnosis. In those patients seen in the virtual lesion clinic compared to face-to-face examination, the mean waiting time for first assessment was reduced from 114 days to 39 days and patients’ costs was reduced by a third.⁷³ Therefore, teledermatology reduces dermatology care-associated costs as well as patients’ waiting time.

Dentistry

Teledentistry has been developing since 1994 to connect dental professionals over long distances. Furthermore, it is a useful and cost-effective instrument to connect specialists with rural or underserved populations.⁷⁴ In the US, it was used to provide interceptive orthodontic services to disadvantaged children in order to reduce malocclusion severity.⁷⁵ Total Dental Access, a teledentistry project within the Department of Defense, has been developed to allow dentists from the US Armed Forces to consult specialists on a patient’s status.⁷⁶ This tool provides dentists with easy and cost-effective access to specialists, resulting in an improvement in the quality of care, allowing better decision making and better communication between dentists and their patients.

Geriatrics

Several studies have tested the applications of telecommunication technology in the field of geriatrics. A telegeriatric system, used to manage geriatric patients at a remote site, led to rapid decision making in the presence of acute or subacute emergencies, reducing unnecessary admissions and improving nursing skills in geriatric care.⁷⁷ This study showed that telemedicine can speed up patients’ management and also contribute to nurse professional development. The potential of modern telecommunication technology to improve the quality of life for elders with physical and mental impairments was proven during the telerehabilitation project TeleReha, which was conducted at the Berlin Geriatric Center on 13 mobility-impaired patients (mean age 72 years).⁷⁸ Results indicated that telecommunication devices were considered by participants as a valuable resource for their information and communication needs, and that the use of telecommunication was inversely related to physical mobility. Seven years later, in Belgium, 71 homebound elderly were admitted to videophone nursing care to measure changes in their functioning.⁷⁹ Based on multidimensional scaling algorithm evaluation, telecare resulted in an effective and alternative care model that could be integrated into existing home-care services. The effectiveness of home telemonitoring has been also addressed with the aim of reducing the combined outcomes of hospitalization and emergency department visits of elderly patients with mixed chronic disease.⁸⁰ On the other hand, Tousignant et al scored the satisfaction of both patients and health care professionals with the technologies and services provided during in-home telerehabilitation after discharge from total-knee arthroplasty surgery.⁸¹ Forty-eight community-living elderly were recruited after receiving total-knee arthroplasty prior to discharge from acute care following surgery and randomly assigned to treatment arms (in-home telehealth assessment and face-to-face treatment). At the end of the intervention, participants’ satisfaction was assessed for both groups using the Health Care Satisfaction Questionnaire. The satisfaction of the health care professionals with the technology during the telerehabilitation services was noted at the end of each treatment session using a technical-quality subjective appreciation questionnaire. Overall satisfaction and quality with the technological platform was observed. The need of a teleassistance service for the elderly prompted the development of a longitudinal prospective cohort study on 194 adults aged 65 years and over living at home with a high risk of developing functional impairments and multimorbidities (eg, falls at home). These patients were followed by a light path coupled with a teleassistance service.⁸² The authors observed that 40.5% of the elderly fell at home, 30.9% in the exposed group and 50.0% in the unexposed group. The use of the light path coupled with teleassistance was significantly associated with a reduction in falls at home. Moreover, a greater reduction in the postfall hospitalization rate in the exposed group was observed. A recent article reported the innovative introduction of the tele-intensive care unit (tele-ICU), consisting of highly skilled staff trained in critical care and able to deliver timely quality care service to elderly patients admitted to ICUs in remote areas using highly advanced information-technology services.⁸³ The clinical benefits of such a system improved patient outcomes and reduced medical errors, mortality, and hospital length of stay. On the other hand, the main disadvantage could be the high upfront cost involved in its implementation. Therefore, considering the burgeoning aging population, teleassistance for elderly people could be a valuable alternative to more expensive and time-consuming face-to-face care in terms of treatment accuracy.

Discussion and conclusion

This review outlines the use of telemedicine as an important cost-effective tool providing at least the same quality of medical care as face-to-face consultation in numerous medical fields. It allows rapid consultation among specialists, and erases geographic distance. Telemedicine opens new horizons for medical consultation, increases benefits for patients, and allows rapid exchange of information and techniques. Information and communication technology provides medical care to patients who have poor access to hospitals, and ensures continuity of care and optimal use of available health resources. For this reason, in terms of costs and benefits, private and public health institutions need such a network to optimize their resources. The use of telemedicine opens new perspectives for the growing number of patients seeking a medical second opinion for their pathology,^84,85 since they can remotely access medical resources that would otherwise require enormous costs and time. The limitations of this review are the lack of a systematic or fully longitudinal approach. Telemedicine may represent a way to limit the “web Babel syndrome”,^84–86 avoiding the frustration and misunderstanding derived from accessing heterogeneous and misleading online medical information, and relying on experts who can provide a professional medical consultation and opinion.

Acknowledgments

JCMM acknowledges CONACyT for membership.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.