Abstract
Background
To assess the utilization of stress management in relieving anxiety and pain among patients who undergo transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy of the prostate.
Methods
Eighty-two patients admitted to a community hospital for a TRUS biopsy of the prostate participated in this case-controlled study. They were divided into an experimental group that was provided with stress management and a control group that received only routine nursing care. Stress management included music therapy and one-on-one simulation education. Before and after the TRUS biopsy, the patients’ state-anxiety inventory score, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were obtained.
Results
There were no differences in baseline and disease characteristics between the two groups. The VAS in both groups increased after the TRUS biopsy, but the difference in pre- and postbiopsy VAS scores was significantly lower in the experimental group (P=0.03). Patients in both groups experienced mild anxiety before and after the biopsy, but those in the experimental group displayed a significantly greater decrease in postbiopsy state-anxiety inventory score compared to the control group (P=0.02).
Conclusion
Stress management can alleviate anxiety and pain in patients who received a TRUS biopsy of the prostate under local anesthesia.
Introduction
Based on the consensus of the American and Taiwan Urological Associations on the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, if the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level exceeds 4 ng/mL, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy should be recommended to obtain prostate tissue for pathologic diagnosis. However, ~20% of patients experienced high stress and anxious moods when undergoing the TRUS biopsy.Citation1 Some researchers note that this procedure does not require anesthesia, although ~70% of patients believe that the pain will be intolerable without the use of anesthesia or sedatives.Citation2
There are two causes of discomfort during TRUS biopsy. One originates from the movement of the ultrasound probe inside the rectum, and the other is the pain induced by the insertion of the biopsy needle into the prostate.Citation3 Moreover, anxiety and anal tension will also influence the pain tolerance of patients.Citation4 Previous studies have focused on whether pain relievers, local anesthesia, or even sedatives should be given to patients before or during the procedure.
Currently, there are many studies regarding music therapy and presurgical health education to relieve the pain and anxiety of patients.Citation5–Citation9 However, most simulated education is being implemented in educational research and less in clinical application. Tsivian et al and Yeo et al reported that pain increased in patients after TRUS biopsy or cystoscopy, but a significantly lesser increase was noted in the music therapy group.Citation5,Citation6 Doering et al showed no significant effects of videotape preparation before surgery on postoperative pain,Citation7 whereas LaMontagne et al reported cognitive behavioral intervention with a videotape containing information on coping, which was effective in reducing postoperative pain.Citation8 Preoperative nursing education was associated with a significant reduction in postoperative pain in the study by Hsiang et al.Citation9 In literature review, there are few studies on the effect of combined simulation education and musical therapy to reduce the pain and anxiety of patients’ post-TRUS biopsy.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of stress management of combined music therapy and one-on-one simulation education on reducing anxiety and pain level in patients undergoing TRUS biopsy of the prostate under local anesthesia.
Methods
This is a case–control study that recruited patients from Taipei City Hospital, Renai branch in northern Taiwan. Based on the Cohen’s rule, the effect size (d) was set as 0.3, with a statistical power at 0.80. Eighty-two patients admitted for TRUS biopsy of the prostate due to elevated PSA (>4 ng/dL) were randomly allocated into the experimental and the control groups. Data from the control group were collected in 1 week, while that for the experimental group was obtained in the following week. The institutional review board of Taipei City Hospital approved the study. All of the patients provided written informed consent to participate in the study.
The patients’ basic data, including age, serum PSA, marital status, and number of biopsies, were obtained. At pre-and postbiopsy, their physiologic indicators (eg, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure), pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and state-anxiety inventory (SAI) scores were also collected by nursing practitioners of urology. The major variables were VAS and SAI scores. All patients were given intravenous pethidine (25 mg), and lidocaine jelly was applied on the anus before initiating the procedure.
The VAS scores ranged from 0 to 10: 10 meaning extreme severity and 0 meaning no symptoms.Citation10 The SAI score, an indicator of the anxiety level of patients under certain stressful situations, had 20 questions and was scored using a 4-point Likert scale. The patients responded in four levels: 1 – “not anxious at all”, 2 –“somewhat anxious”, 3 – “very anxious”, and 4 – “extremely anxious”. A score of 1–4 was given per question for a total score of 20–80. A lower score indicated a lower anxiety level such that a score of 20–39 indicated mild anxiety, 40–59 indicated intermediate anxiety, and 60–80 indicated severe anxiety.
Stress management
Music for relaxing therapy should include some characteristics such as simple, repeated, and elegant rhythm, low pitch and ~60–80 pulses/min.Citation11,Citation12 Therefore, we used “Twilight’s Embrace” by Kevin Kern from the album Summer Daydreams. Volume was controlled by the patient based on personal comfort as the music played through headphones. The one-on-one simulation education was conveyed by the researcher to the patients by simultaneous explanation, which included the preparation before the biopsy, the procedure itself, and the cautions and possible complications after. The simulation education process took approximately 20 minutes, which can make patients familiar with the environment where biopsy was performed and the detailed process of biopsy.
All data analyses were performed using the SPSS18.0 Statistical Software (Windows Version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The variables studied included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t-test, and generalized estimating equation). Generalized estimating equation is a linear model to evaluate the linear relation between dependent and independent variables and can increase the accuracy for analysis of independent samples.
Results
The general information for all the patients revealed no significant differences for all of the parameters ( and ). The prebiopsy baseline VAS score was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (). However, the pre- and postbiopsy VAS scores in the experimental and control groups () revealed that after accounting for cross-interaction, the postbiopsy VAS score significantly decreased by 1.63 with intervention measures compared to those without intervention measures.
Table 1 General information of patients participating in the stress management study
Table 2 General information of all the subjects and in the two groups
Table 3 Comparisons between the experimental and control group, pre- and posttest
Comparing the pre- and postbiopsy SAI scores between the experimental and the control groups () using independent sample t-test, there was no statistical significance between the prebiopsy SAI score of both groups. In contrast, the postbiopsy SAI score of both groups was significantly different. The postbiopsy SAI score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The decrease in score of the experimental group was significantly higher than the reduction in the control group.
After accounting for cross-interaction and compared to the prebiopsy SAI score in the postbiopsy, SAI score significantly decreased by 3.56 with intervention measures (), suggesting that these intervention measures were effective. Similarly, after accounting for cross-interaction and compared to the prebiopsy value, the postbiopsy breathing rate decreased by 0.66 in the experimental group but was not statistically significant (). The postbiopsy heart rate and systolic blood pressure in the experimental group were also lower than the prebiopsy values by 0.44 and 8.73, respectively, but neither were statistically significant ().
Table 4 Generalized estimating equation (GEE)
In contrast, the postbiopsy diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the prebiopsy level (). Taken together, these indicated that except for diastolic blood pressure, intervention measures had no significant effects on the breathing rate, heart rate, and systolic pressure of the experimental group.
Discussion
The TRUS biopsy of the prostate is a procedure requiring admission and local anesthesia in our hospital, and it is a very stressful procedure for patients. In this study, prebiopsy one-by-one simulation education was combined music therapy during biopsy to relieve the pain and anxiety of patients undergoing TRUS biopsy of the prostate. The patients suffered from mild pain (mean VAS score, 2.94) after the procedure, and this was higher than the results of the study by Tsivian et al (mean VAS score, 1.84).Citation5 This may be due to the different methods of relieving pain and the different pain perceptions. In this study, before initiating the procedure, we also applied lidocaine jelly on the anus. However, this study added intravenous pethidine, whereas Tsivian et al added local injection of 1% lidocaine. This difference requires further evaluation. In addition, the prebiopsy baseline VAS scores were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. We supposed that patients with higher baseline pain VAS score will increase higher after biopsy of prostate. But for experimental group, the amplitude of decreasing VAS score is still higher than the control group. Therefore, if the baseline pain score is similar in both groups then the difference will be more significant. Many studiesCitation5,Citation6 recommended music therapy for relieving pain after surgery or invasive medical procedure. However, there is no consensus about the effect of education (favor: LaMontagne et al and Hsiang et al; oppose: Doering et al).Citation7–Citation9 The present study reveals that the combination of music therapy and one-by-one simulation education can reduce pain for patients undergoing TRUS biopsy of the prostate. Nonetheless, the working mechanism warrants further evaluation.
Previous studies reveal that music therapy has significant effects on reducing SAI score in patients undergoing less invasive procedures such as cystoscopy under local anesthesia.Citation7,Citation13,Citation14 However, other studies report that music therapy has no significant effects on decreasing SAI score.Citation15,Citation16 The possible explanation is that more invasive procedures (such as cesarean section or coronary angiography) may lessen the effectiveness of music therapy.Citation17 In the current study, the duration of music therapy is 20 minutes, shorter than in other studies.Citation6,Citation15 The patients have a SAI score of 34.16 before the TRUS biopsy, representing mild anxiety. In contrast, Tsivian et al reported 47.3 points, representing moderate anxiety.Citation5 In addition, Tsivian et al noted no apparent better effects in the use of noise-canceling headphones than those without, whereas the patients in this study used headphones.Citation5 It remains to be determined if ethnicity or race is a major main cause of different anxiety.
Tsivian et al reported no significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate after TRUS-guided biopsy in the music therapy group.Citation5 However, postbiopsy diastolic blood pressure remained stable in the music therapy group (P=0.552).Citation5 In this study, the reduction in respiratory rate, heart rate, and systolic pressure in patients given stress management was not significant. The change of diastolic pressure is a more reliable physiologic parameter associated with pain and anxiety.Citation5 In this study, the diastolic pressure significantly decreased after biopsy in patients who received stress management. Thus, music therapy combined with one-on-one simulation education is more effective in improving a patient’s physiologic profile than music therapy alone. Anxiety increases pain perception through the activation of the adrenergic response and simulation education before biopsy can reduce this anxiety.
The advantages of stress management include a clear understanding of the entry procedures and surgical process by the patient, increased familiarity with the surgical environment and personnel involved, increased patient satisfaction regarding the entire procedure, reduction of anxiety and pain, and a shift in the patient’s attention during the procedure via music. The shortcomings of stress management may be time-consuming, and more human resources are also required. The limitations of this study are that we do not use other therapies such as relaxing therapy or hypnotherapy for comparison, and another control group with patients under noninvasive procedure will be better. Therefore, further studies will be needed.
Conclusion
In conclusion, stress management such as combined musical therapy and one-on-one simulation education may decrease the pain and anxiety of patients undergoing TRUS biopsy of the prostate under local anesthesia.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr Thomas Y Hsueh and Dr Andy C Huang for their assistance.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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