https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5403-1799
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Abstract
Purpose
Classic studies mainly of European-American families broadly identify the benefits of parental strictness combined with parental warmth. However, current research tends to identify parental warmth as positive for adjustment, even without parental strictness. In addition, less is known about the relationship between parenting and adjustment beyond adolescence. The present study examined warmth and strictness and its relationship with self, sexism, and stimulation values. Self-esteem, academic-professional self-concept, benevolent sexism, and stimulation values were used to capture adjustment.
Patients and Methods
Participants (n = 1125) were adolescents and adult children of middle-age from Spain. The statistical analyses used were correlation analysis and multiple linear regression.
Results
In general, the relationship between parenting and adjustment was found to have a similar pattern for adolescent and middle-aged adult children, although more marked in adolescents. Parental warmth and strictness were predictors of adjustment, but in a different direction. Specifically, parental warmth positively predicted academic-professional self-concept and self-esteem, whereas parental strictness was detrimental as a predictor of higher benevolent sexism.
Conclusion
Overall, the present findings suggest that an effective socialization during the socialization years and even beyond can be positively predicted by parental warmth, whereas parental strictness might be unnecessary or even detrimental.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this study has been partially supported by Grants CIAICO/2021/252 (Conselleria for Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society, Generalitat Valenciana), FPU20/06307 (Ministry of Universities, Government of Spain), ACIF/2016/431, and BEFPI/2017/058, which provided funding for a research stay at the Nottingham Trent University, UK (Generalitat Valenciana and European Social Fund).
Disclosure
Dr Oscar F Garcia reports grants from Generalitat Valenciana and grants from European Social Fund, during the conduct of the study. Marta Alcaide reports grants from Ministry of Universities, Government of Spain, during the conduct of the study. Professor Fernando Garcia reports grants from Conselleria for Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society, Generalitat Valenciana, during the conduct of the study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.