Availability of Personal Protective Equipment Among Health-care Workers in Jordan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey

Abstract

Propose

The inception of the COVID-19 has put health-care workers (HCWs) in a precarious situation across the world. In spite of the challenges in Jordan, the high awareness and preparedness of HCWs made it feasible for the country to control the contagious virus. The study aimed to provide a useful insight into availability of PPE among HCWs in Jordan, which could help the policy/decision-makers of public health to design better programs based on the information reported.

Methods

This cross-sectional online survey was conducted during July 2020 for the evaluation of the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) among HCWs in Jordan.

Results

A total of 751 HCWs responded from different parts of the country, who were actively working at different hospitals in Jordan. The majority of the participants (94%) reported having sufficient knowledge about COVID-19 and more than two-thirds of participants (68%) reported that PPE were provided by the Jordanian Ministry of Health. The majority (91%) of participants reported availability of medical face masks, while only 26% reported having facial protective shields.

Conclusion

The study highlighted sufficient availability of PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have caused minimal infection rates among HCWs in Jordan.

Keywords:

• Jordan
• coronavirus
• pandemic
• PPE
• survey

Introduction

Background

COVID-19 is a global health concern which started in Wuhan, China.¹ The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a highly transmissible virus that spreads from one person to another via respiratory droplets and aerosols.² Countries across the world are taking preventative measures to control the spread of the virus. On the individual level; social distancing, using hand sanitizer, washing hands, and wearing masks are some of the measures taken to prevent the infection.³

In Jordan, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed when a national infected case arrived from Italy early March 2020.⁴ Since then, the government initiated a cascade of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that included a strict lockdown and a curfew.⁵ The Jordanian government is strictly following the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations to mitigate the spread of the virus. In Jordan, which is considered an upper middle-class country in the Eastern Mediterranean region, the health system is advanced in comparison to its neighboring Syria and Iraq.⁶ The country initiated the defense law early during the epidemic, March 2020, which mandated wearing masks among other precautionary measures.⁴ Jordan is considered a leading country in health-care services in the Middle East with many global ranks and awards.^7,8 In the early days of the pandemic, one of the world’s strictest lockdowns took place in the country and five tertiary hospitals were designated to provide medical care for suspected/diagnosed COVID-19 patients, in a short time the advanced medical care is provided across the country with about 12,081 beds capacity.⁹

The inception of the COVID-19 has put HCWs in a precarious situation across the world.¹⁰ HCWs, due to the inherent nature of their profession, are at particularly high risk of catching the COVID-19 infection. As of July 2020, the UN announced that, worldwide, over 1.4 million infections of COVID-19 were accounted for in HCWs; this was 10% of all cases.¹¹ In spite of the challenges in Jordan, the high awareness and preparedness of HCWs might be extremely important to protect health settings and control the contagious virus.¹²

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The HCWs and patients are exposed to infectious airborne products in the health settings, therefore, the use of PPE is a vital tool to promote patients safety and raise the safety of HCWs.¹³ PPE consist of face mask, face shields, goggles, gowns, head cover, and boot cover which creates an essential coverage from environmental toxic or infectious particles.¹⁴ In the light of the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations the HCWs who deal with patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, must receive comprehensive training on when and what PPE is necessary, how to don (put on) and doff (take off) PPE, limitations of PPE, and proper care, maintenance, and disposal of PPE.¹⁵

Objectives

This report aims to evaluate availability of PPE among HCWs in Jordan, which could help the policy/decision-makers of public health to design better programs based on the information reported.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the availability of PPE among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the respondents. The inclusion criteria were being 18 years or older and having access to internet connection to fill out the online questionnaire. HCWs who do not consent to participate in the study were excluded.

The questionnaire, administered through the SurveyMonkey website, was distributed from July 21 to 23, 2020 by Jordanian health workers in Jordan through social media platforms (Facebook, WhatApp). A total of 751 Jordanian HCWs filled in the form. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions in general and had three queries that were used for the purpose of demographics; age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55, or >55 years); sex (male or female); and occupation (medical specialist, medical doctor/trainee, dentist, nurse, midwife, pharmacist, anesthesiologist, lab technician, physiotherapist, administration staff, and other health-care professionals). The rest questions were about availability of PPE, testing rate, and having COVID-19-related clinical symptoms. The SurveyMonkey website was used for sharing the questionnaire, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and percentages were used to summarize the data.

Results

A total number of 751 HCWs completed the online survey. Of them, 59% were females, about half (45%) were medical doctors, 24% were nurses, 9% dentists, and 8% were pharmacists. More than half of participants (51%) were between 25 and 34 years old (Table 1). Most of participants who filled in the survey link were from Irbid (35.9%) and Amman (30.4%) (Figure 1). The majority (91%) of participants reported availability of medical face masks, about two-thirds reported having N95 masks (65%), 64% reported having disposable gowns, three quarters reported having boot cover (75%), while only 26% reported having facial protective shields (Table 2).

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Health-care Workers

Characteristics	Category	n (%)
Gender	Female	381 (59)
	Male	370 (41)
Age	18 to 24	205 (27)
	25 to 34	383 (51)
	35 to 44	125 (17)
	45 to 54	31 (4)
	55 or more	7 (1)
Medical Profession	Medical doctor	338(45)
	Dentist	64 (9)
	Nurse	182 (24)
	Pharmacist	61 (8)
	Midwife	15 (2)
	Anesthesiologist	22 (3)
	Lab technician	46 (6)
	Physiotherapist	8 (1)
	Administration worker	15 (2)

Table 2 Self-reported Availability of Essential Personal Protective Items

PPE Item	n (%)
Medical mask	681 (90.6)
N95 masks	489 (65.1)
Disposable gloves	671 (89.3)
Goggles	221 (29.4)
Disposable gowns	478 (63.6)
Boot cover	561 (74.7)
Face shields	199 (26.5)

Figure 1 Geographical distribution of HCWs who participated in the study.

More than two-thirds of participants (68%) reported that PPE were provided by the Ministry of Health while about one quarter (21%) reported that they provided their own PPE, and 11% accessed PPE from other sources (Figure 2).

Figure 2 PPE sources for health-care workers in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The majority of the participants (94%) reported that they have sufficient knowledge about COVID-19 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Having sufficient knowledge report about COVID-19 among study respondents.

Respondents reported their concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic as following: spreading the virus to the family members (69%), catching the virus from patients (32%), work overload (12%), lack of appropriate place for accommodation (10%) and shortage of PPE (3%) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Main concern of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In response to the question of whether participants tested for COVID-19 (testing rate), the majority (96%) of participants confirmed such, only the 4% indicated that they did not test for COVID-19. In regard to participants’ COVID-19 related symptoms only a small proportion of participants (3%) declared being symptomatic, whereas the majority of participants reported good health condition (Figure 5).

Figure 5 COVID-19 related symptoms reported by study respondents.

The following symptoms were reported among the 22 (3%) symptomatic participants: fatigue 83%, cough 71%, sore throat 59%, and headache 28%.

Discussion

COVID-19 in Jordan was, as many developing countries, faced with limited resources yet fast changing situation and epidemiologic curve. While Jordan seems to have delt with the pandemic early on, by implementing early lockdowns for around six months, the hospitalization rates were manageable to a degree yet the resilience of the health-care system was stretched to unprecedented levels.

This study investigated a sample of HCWs in regard to the availability of PPE and their main COVID-19 concerns during the early stage of the pandemic in Jordan. It was found that HCWs in Jordan had high access to the PPE with a low, self-reported, SARS-CoV-2 infection rate (3%). The advantage of investigating the preparedness of a country’s health-care system allows them to navigate the importance of particular public health guidelines in the event of a health crisis. This enables policymakers to modify policies based on findings and recommendations.¹⁶ Each country has its own health-care response to outbreaks, thus developing different results of controlling any infectious disease. A big factor that plays into a health-care system is its HCWs,¹⁷ who make up a united front for well-planned management, especially in infectious diseases, thus having a better outcome in control.

A recent study done in Jordan reported that the preparedness of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic may be a major reason for the well-controlled outbreak in the country.^18–20 The preparedness in terms of PPE adherence and institutional protocols led to a significantly higher percentage of satisfaction with feeling safe at their work, with feeling safe for their colleagues at work, and with the feeling that current infection control practices at their institution will decrease the risk for them and their colleagues to contract COVID-19. These feelings have an effect in producing a safer and more productive working environment, which is vital during a global crisis.

In this cross-sectional online survey, 751 HCWs were enrolled from different governorates. The majority of the responders were medical doctors actively working in Jordanian hospitals. Our study indicates that most of the participants had the required equipment recommended by the WHO, particularly N95 masks. In our questionnaire, (91%) of the participants reported that they have used medical masks, besides 491 (65%) used N95 masks. In this survey-based study, we found that the majority of HCWs received PPE from the Ministry of Health. In contrast, only 21% provided their own, out of pocket, PPE. The study findings on the reality and perceptions about the safety and resources available for HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic could inform medical institutional authorities about the need for urgent attention to the HCWs as an important valuable resource.

Limitations

The findings of this study could not be generalized because it is quite challenging to determine the universe under this study. The recruitment of participants wase based on their willingness to take part in the survey, Meanwhile their access to the internet and social networking applications also influenced the study outcomes. This study had a limited scope. Participants were asked to answer very specific questions that might not cover the whole condition of the personal safety of HCWs.

Conclusion

HCWs in Jordan seem to have good access to essential PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused minimal infection rates among HCWs in Jordan and allowed the country to mitigate the infection during its early stage.

Data Sharing Statement

To ensure confidentiality of the participants and observe relevant ethical considerations, data cannot be shared publicly. However, data can be accessed upon request from Dr Khalid Kheirallah, Head of Department of Public Health, Medical School of Jordan University of Science and Technology via email: [email protected].

Ethical Approval and Consent

This manuscript was part of a series of studies approved by the IRB of Hashemite University. Dr Kheirallah, the corresponding author, has been part of that team and served as the senior author for multiple publications on it. None of the authors at Hashemite were on the team preparing this manuscript and their roles did not fit as authors according to standard guidelines. This study was conducted conforming to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed of the purpose of the study and agreed to participate before filling in the questionnaire by confirming the agree button of the written consent statement.

Author Contributions

All authors made significant contribution to the work reported, either in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors attest they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to provide their extreme appreciation to all health-care workers in Jordan for their efforts in fighting against the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.