Current and emerging testosterone therapies for male hypogonadism

Abstract:

Exogenous testosterone was introduced nearly 80 years ago as a pharmaceutical agent to treat male hypogonadism. Researchers continue to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of testosterone to improve various benefits, including mood and sexual function, among other potential benefits. The modalities that are currently available include implants, intramuscular injections, oral formulations, transdermal delivery systems (ie, patches, gels, and a solution), transbuccal delivery systems, and most recently, intranasal testosterone. Each of these products differs by the delivery system, half-life, and ability to mimic physiological levels of testosterone. While we recognize the unique characteristics and benefits of existing agents, we must address unmet needs, including how best to mimic physiological levels of testosterone and how to administer it through a more effective, safe, and convenient mechanism. In our overview of current and emerging testosterone therapies, we will examine these topics and address the controversy of prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk.

Keywords::

• hypogonadism
• low testosterone
• testosterone replacement therapy
• cardiovascular

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from Antares Pharma. The content of this article has not been influenced by the sponsor. Medical writing and editorial assistance was provided by AXON Communications (http://www.axon-com.com).

Author contributions

The authors contributed equally to the development of this manuscript, including conception and design, analysis and interpretation of the literature, writing, critical review and subsequent revisions, final approval of the version to be published, and accountability for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to accuracy and integrity are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Disclosure

JC Kaminetsky is a speaker and consultant for Auxilium Pharmaceuticals. He is also an investigator for Lipocine Inc., Clarus Therapeutics, Antares Pharma, Inc., Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, and Eli Lilly and Company. Furthermore, he serves as an investigator, speaker, and consultant for AbbVie Pharmaceuticals. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.