https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-7199
Abstract
Purpose
Biochemical and histopathological properties of renal tissues were reported to be affected by both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and ionizing radiation. The radiation-induced changes in the kidney, including the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), could lead to adverse health outcomes such as chronic kidney disease. These complications signify the importance of the research in this field. Thus, in this study, the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, as well as their combination, were assessed by evaluating the alteration in BUN, Cr, and histopathological changes in kidney tissue.
Materials and Methods
Ninety-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups and were exposed to either 900/1800MHz (mobile phone) or 2.4 GHz RF-EMF (Wi-Fi) radiation for 14 days, 8Gy x-ray, or their combination. Sera were collected from 2 mL of rat blood, then BUN and Cr levels were determined. Also, renal samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated histopathologically.
Results
Both BUN and Cr levels raised non-significantly after exposure to 8 Gy x-rays. Moreover, all measurements in the samples of x-ray groups were in borderline or higher than normal values. The BUN levels of control, Wi-Fi, x-ray, and Wi-Fi+x-ray groups were not significantly different. However, Cr levels in the Wi-Fi group were significantly higher than those of the controls, and BUN to Cr ratio levels were significantly lower than those of the controls. Also, tubular atrophy and vessel wall thickening were associated with these exposures.
Conclusion
Exposure to 900/1800MHz, 2400 MHz EMF can alter the kidney function. However, pre-exposure to 900/1800MHz EMF could modulate the acute adverse effects of lethal x-ray dose, which addresses the adaptive response in the kidney.
Introduction
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of a range of frequencies and wavelengths that define their biological effects. One side of this spectrum is the ionizing radiations, and the other side is non-ionizing radiations.Citation1 While the nature of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiations are similar, but, they have different effects on living tissues. Ionizing radiations, including x and gamma rays, may have direct and indirect effects, which eventually lead to chemical changes in the tissue molecules.Citation2,Citation3 High-Frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) have thermal and non-thermal effects,Citation4 and this type of radiation is an integral part of today’s life, especially in the communications industry.
Mobile phones in different generations use different bandwidths from 800 to 3000 MHz, and Wi-Fi routers are using 2.4 GHz EMF, commonly.Citation5,Citation6 The newer generations of communication vehicles may employ different frequencies.Citation6 However, literature indicating that the biological response to different frequencies and other physical properties, including specific absorption rate (SAR), could be dissimilarCitation7 that address the needs to continue the scientific research to monitor their biological effects. Furthermore, the exact mechanisms of EMF effects are not precise yet. Also, the increasing use of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations in daily life in fields such as diagnosis, and treatment of different diseases may alter the renal tissue and function observed as changes in serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Eventually, these changes can lead to adverse health outcomes, such as chronic kidney disease. Given this consideration, we should evaluate the EMF effects and their interactions with other agents in different body organs.
Different physical, chemical, and biological parameters could modulate the irradiation effect. One of the critical parameters is the type of cells or tissue. Biochemical and histopathological properties of renal tissue were reported to be affected by EMF and ionizing radiation.Citation8,Citation9 Tubular necrosis, glomerular atypia, tubular cast formation, and vascular congestion was reported to be observed in the renal tissue due to irradiation.Citation10 Also, oxidative damageCitation11 and the difference in the BUN and Cr are some effects of radiation in the renal tissue.Citation12
The radiation-induced changes in the kidney function, including a rise in serum levels of BUN and Cr, could lead to subsequent difficulties such as chronic kidney disease.Citation13 These complications signify the importance of the research in this field. Then, in this study, the effects of ionizing, non-ionizing radiations, and their combination were assessed by evaluating the alteration in BUN, Cr, BUN/Cr ratio and also, histopathological changes in the kidney tissue.
Materials and Methods
Study Design and Irradiations
In this case–control study, we have evaluated the effect of 900/1800MHz EMF of cell phone (Nokia 1280, India) radiation and 2.4 GHz EMF radiation of commercial Wi-Fi router (D-Link DSL-2740U ADSL2 Plus Wireless N300 Modem Router, China) on 96 rats in six groups. We had four control groups including a sham control (control group), a positive x-ray control (RT group) that received 8 Gy x-ray, positive mobile phone control (mobile group) that received 12 hours a day for 14 days 900/1800 MHz EMF, and Wi-Fi control (Wi-Fi group), which received 12 hours a day for 14 days 2400 MHz EMF radiations. Also, we had a mobile phone+ x-ray group (mobile+ RT group) exposed to 12 hours a day for 14 days 900/1800 MHz EMF, then, 8 Gy x-ray, and a Wi-Fi+ x-ray group (Wi-Fi +RT group) 12 hours a day for 14 days exposed to 2400 MHz EMF radiation, then, 8 Gy x-ray. The rats were exposed to the RF-EMF source with the condition identical for different groups. Our exposure setting is shown in , also, was used in our recent studies for evaluating the liver tissue, its function,Citation14 and also radioadaptive responseCitation15 in rats. The specific absorption rates (SAR) of the soft tissue of rats for mobile phone and Wi-Fi router were calculated earlier in our recent studies which were 5.57 mW/kg, and 91.99 mW/kg, respectively.Citation14,Citation15 The 8 Gy x-ray was delivered by 200 cGy/min dose rate, 115cm SSD, 3.5cm Depth, 983 MU, and 40×40cm field size using 6MV Elekta compact accelerator.
Figure 1 The design of RF-EMF irradiation design. The location of Plexiglas cage and the radiation source (mobile phone or Wi-Fi router) and lateral view of one cage were shown.
BUN and Cr Measurements
Sera were collected from 2 mL of rat blood, then stored at −80ºC until evaluation. The BUN, Cr were determined by a Cobas Mira autoanalyzer. The Cr were measured using colorimetric Kit (Pars Azmun, Iran). Briefly, 1000 µL of reagent solution 1 was added to 50 µL of sample and were incubated in 37ºc for 5 minutes. Then, 250 µL of reagent solution 2 was added, and after 1 and 2 minutes, the absorbance was measured. The BUN was measured using a colorimetric urea mono liquid Kit (biorexfars, Iran). Briefly, 1000 µL of reagent R1 was added to 10 µL of sample and after 30 and 40 seconds, the absorbance was measured.
Histopathological Assessment
The rats were sacrificed based on the ethical standards of international guidelines of the care of animals. Then, the right kidney was fixed in the buffered formalin 10%. So after the process, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The damages were observed and listed in the coded form for blindness. The tubular tortuosity, tubular cyst formation, tubular vacuolization, tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, interstitial hemorrhage, interstitial edema, lymph vessel dilatation, vessel wall thickening, and inflammation of blood vessels were listed and analyzed.
Statistical Analysis
After testing normality by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the BUN and Cr levels and BUN/Cr ratio were compared by Kruskal–Wallis test in different groups. Also, the histopathological changes were compared by the Chi-square test, and the p values lesser than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
BUN, Cr, and BUN/Cr Ratio
The comparison of BUN, Cr, and BUN/Cr ratio among different groups was shown in –, respectively. As shown in these figures, 900/1800 and 2400 MHz RF-EMF exposures were compared with controls and RT groups separately. Also, each intervention was compared before and after receiving 8 Gy ionizing radiation.
Figure 2 The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels of different study groups. The statistical analysis of results showed a significant difference between 8 Gy and mobile phone groups. *p value lower than 0.05.
Figure 3 The Cr levels in different study groups. The statistical analysis of results showed a significant difference between control and Wi-Fi groups. *p value lower than 0.05.
Figure 4 The BUN to Cr ratio levels in different study groups. The statistical analysis of results showed a significant difference between Wi-Fi and mobile phone groups with control. *p value lower than 0.05.
Histopathological Changes
The histopathological changes of renal tissue due to 8 Gy dose of the x-ray with mobile and Wi-Fi interventions and their comparisons with positive and negative controls were analyzed 30 days after receiving the 8 Gy radiation dose. The changes were including tubular tortuosity, tubular cyst formation, tubular vacuolization, tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, interstitial hemorrhage, interstitial edema, lymph vessel dilatation, vessel wall thickening, and inflammation of blood vessels. The normal, hemorrhagic tissue, edema and inflammation, and tubular dilatation were presented in . Also, the frequencies and percentages of different histopathological changes are analyzed in .
Figure 5 The histopathological evaluation of renal tissue before and after irradiations. (A) is normal tissue, (B) shows hemorrhage in the kidney, (C) shows edema and inflammation, and (D) shows tubular dilatation after irradiations.
Table 1 The Comparison of Frequencies and Percentages of Different Histopathological Changes Due to 8Gy Dose of the x-Ray with Mobile and Wi-Fi Interventions and Their Comparisons with Positive and Negative Controls
Discussion
The x-ray induced renal injuries in the presence of 900/1800MHz and 2400 MHz EMF irradiations were studied. The serum levels of BUN, Cr, and BUN/Cr ratio were compared, and the histopathological changes in the renal tissue were documented. In this section, we have discussed the effect of 900/1800MHz, 2400 MHz radiation in the kidney, as one of the most radio-sensitive body organs, and their adaptive or synergistic effect has been hypothesized.
The normal range of BUN level in the rat reported being 8.5–22.7 in the previous study,Citation16 which is in agreement with our results in the control group. Also, in mobile phone and Wi-Fi groups after receiving EMF, the difference of BUN and Cr levels with the control group were not statistically significant. However, both BUN and Cr levels raised non-significantly after receiving an 8Gy x-ray and, all of samples in RT groups were in borderline or higher than the measured range of the Stender et al studyCitation16 approving radiation-induced renal injury in these doses. Furthermore, pre-exposure to EMF before receiving 8 Gy x-ray, did not change the BUN and Cr levels significantly but an extraordinary standard deviation of BUN and Cr in this group in addition to this fact that BUN in only 25% of samples (100% without RT intervention) was in borderline or higher than normal range suggesting an adaptive response. This response could be due to alteration in the metabolism of free radicalsCitation17 in the kidney tissue by pre-exposure with acute electromagnetic field exposure which was noted in the study of Martínez-Sámano et alCitation18 and Sefidbakht et al.Citation19 This change in the antioxidant system and the ability of cells to overcome oxidative stressCitation19 eventually could modulate the effects of consequent lethal doses of ionizing radiation known as adaptive response.
In our study, the BUN levels of control, Wi-Fi, RT, and Wi-Fi+RT groups were not significantly different. Cr levels in the Wi-Fi group were significantly higher than control, although this parameter in the Wi-Fi+RT group was not higher than control. Radiation-induced renal injuries could occur in the doses between 5 and 10 Gy. The doses higher than 10 Gy could induce gastrointestinal syndrome and fast death in which renal injuries have not the opportunity to appear.Citation20 A literature search did not result in any study dealing with the radio-adaptive response of EMF in the kidney but yield the EMF-induced adaptation in other organsCitation21 and adaptation provoked by ionizing radiation in kidneys were reported.Citation22,Citation23 The adaptive response could be due to an increase in oxidative damage induced by an adaptive dose of radiation.Citation24 Özorak A reported that exposure to mobile phones or Wi-Fi could lead to oxidative damage in the renal tissue of rats.Citation11 Then, because there is a dose window for each frequency to provoke a radioadaptive response,Citation15 it could be the source of our different results in 900/1800MHz and 2400 MHz EMF interventions.
Both of Mobile and Wi-Fi group shown a decrease in BUN/Cr ratio. The low BUN/Cr ratio could be due to reduced protein intake or liver disease, supernormal excretion of urea, increased creatinine production.Citation25 We have irradiated the rats with EMF radiation for 14 days, and we will suggest the long-term evaluation of EMF-induced renal changes.
Radiation nephropathy could be one of the chronic outcomes of radiation exposure.Citation26 The comparison of frequencies and percentages of different histopathological changes due to 8 Gy dose of the x-ray with control, Mobile+RT, and Wi-Fi+RT interventions revealed that tubular atrophy and vessel wall thickening are associated with pre-exposure to Wi-Fi intervention. The serum level of BUN, Cr, and BUN/Cr ratio is in agreement with this finding. Moreover, we have evaluated the histopathological changes after about four weeks of x-ray irradiation, but Ki et al have evaluated the renal tissue 24 weeks after irradiation, and reported progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.Citation26
In our study, we could conclude that exposure to 900/1800MHz, 2400 MHz EMF could alter the function of the kidney but, pre-exposure to before mentioned dose of 900/1800MHz EMF could modulate the acute adverse effects of lethal x-ray dose and lead to better clearance of blood urea in this situation which addresses the radioadaptive response in the kidney. Although the exposure to this dose window of 2400 MHz EMF did not show the adaptation response.
Ethical Approval
The ethical committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, approved the study. The guidelines of Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research for the welfare of the laboratory animals followed.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest for this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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