Gender and racial/ethnic differences in addiction severity, HIV risk, and quality of life among adults in opioid detoxification: results from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network

Abstract

Purpose

Detoxification often serves as an initial contact for treatment and represents an opportunity for engaging patients in aftercare to prevent relapse. However, there is limited information concerning clinical profiles of individuals seeking detoxification, and the opportunity to engage patients in detoxification for aftercare often is missed. This study examined clinical profiles of a geographically diverse sample of opioid-dependent adults in detoxification to discern the treatment needs of a growing number of women and whites with opioid addiction and to inform interventions aimed at improving use of aftercare or rehabilitation.

Methods

The sample included 343 opioid-dependent patients enrolled in two national multisite studies of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN001–002). Patients were recruited from 12 addiction treatment programs across the nation. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in addiction severity, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk, and quality of life were examined.

Results

Women and whites were more likely than men and African Americans to have greater psychiatric and family/social relationship problems and report poorer health-related quality of life and functioning. Whites and Hispanics exhibited higher levels of total HIV risk scores and risky injection drug use scores than African Americans, and Hispanics showed a higher level of unprotected sexual behaviors than whites. African Americans were more likely than whites to use heroin and cocaine and to have more severe alcohol and employment problems.

Conclusions

Women and whites show more psychopathology than men and African Americans. These results highlight the need to monitor an increased trend of opioid addiction among women and whites and to develop effective combined psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments to meet the diverse needs of the expanding opioid-abusing population. Elevated levels of HIV risk behaviors among Hispanics and whites also warrant more research to delineate mechanisms and to reduce their risky behaviors.

Keywords:

• buprenorphine
• clinical trials network
• gender differences
• heath disparity
• HIV risk behavior
• methadone
• opioid dependence
• rehabilitation

Acknowledgments

This article was made possible by grants from the US National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health. (DA027503, DA019623, and DA019901 to LTW; DA026652 to WWE; DA013045 to WL; HHSN271200522071C to DGB; DA017009 and DA013043 to GEW). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Natural Institutes of Health. We thank Amanda McMillan for her editorial assistance and the three reviewers for their valuable comments.

Disclosure

WL has received research funding from Titan Pharmaceuticals, Reckitt Benckiser, and Hythiam; he has served as a member of the Advisory Board for the US World Meds. GEW is a member of the RADARS(r) System Scientific Advisory Board which assesses abuse, misuse, and diversion of prescription medications. Denver Health and Hospital Authority is a nonprofit public hospital that administers the RADARS(r) system, and its costs are supported by contracts with pharmaceutical companies.