Impact of baseline characteristics on outcomes of carotid artery stenting in acute ischemic stroke patients

Abstract

Carotid artery stenting is an effective treatment for ischemic stroke patients with moderate-to-severe carotid artery stenosis. However, the midterm outcome for patients undergoing this procedure varies considerably with baseline characteristics. To determine the impact of baseline characteristics on outcomes following carotid artery stenting, data from 107 eligible patients with a first episode of ischemic stroke were collected by retrospective chart review. A modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to divide patients into two baseline groups, mRS ≤2 and mRS >2. A three-step decision-tree statistical analysis was conducted. After weighting the decision-tree parameters, the following impact hierarchy was obtained: admission low-density lipoprotein, gouty arthritis, chronic kidney disease, ipsilateral common carotid artery resistance index, contralateral ophthalmic artery resistance index, sex, and dyslipidemia. The finite-state machine model demonstrated that, in patients with baseline mRS ≤2, 46% had an improved mRS score at follow-up, whereas 54% had a stable mRS score. In patients with baseline mRS >2, a stable mRS score was observed in 75%, improved score in 23%, and a poorer score in 2%. Admission low-density lipoprotein was the strongest predictive factor influencing poststenting outcome. In addition, our study provides further evidence that carotid artery stenting can be of benefit in first-time ischemic stroke patients with baseline mRS scores >2.

Keywords:

• carotid artery stenting
• modified Rankin Scale
• ischemic stroke
• finite-state machine
• resistance index

Background

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern society.¹ On the basis of the TOAST (trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment) criteria,^1–3 moderate-to-severe carotid stenosis is the most commonly reported cause of stroke,^1–4 especially if the carotid lumen reduction is >50%.^2,3,5 This is in part because carotid stenosis can be screened by noninvasive carotid duplex examination and the stenosis can be treated effectively through carotid artery stenting.⁶

Stroke can cause irreversible neurological deficits, and identification of the underlying mechanism is vital to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. In people >65 years, the incidence of extracranial carotid stenosis with >50% lumen reduction is over 5%. The risk of ipsilateral stroke increases with increasing degree of stenosis, and the rate is estimated at 1%–5% per year when stenosis is >50%.⁶ There have also been reports that the incidence of stroke may be higher in Taiwanese and Chinese populations compared to European populations.^7,8

Following initial ischemic stroke, there is a high risk of recurrence. Stroke severity, age, and degree of stenosis have all been shown to be predictive of recurrence.^9,10 It is estimated that the risk of recurrence in the first month following initial stroke is 4% and in the first year is 12%.⁹ One Taiwanese-based study with a 2.5-year follow-up duration found that the cumulative recurrence rate was 10.5%.¹¹ There are a number of treatment options available, including medical treatment, lifestyle interventions, and surgical interventions such as carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy. A physician must weigh the risks and benefits based upon the degree of stenosis, severity of stroke, age of the patient, and other available baseline characteristics.¹²

Carotid artery stenting can effectively prevent secondary stroke, ameliorate atherosclerosis, and restore blood supply to the brain parenchyma.^2,3,5 The current guideline¹³ recommends carotid stenting for carotid stenosis patients when the diameter of the lumen is reduced by >70% if assessed by noninvasive imaging or >50% if assessed by catheter-based imaging. Although the efficacy of carotid artery stenting is recognized in the literature, the outcomes for patients undergoing this procedure are heterogeneous, and it may be associated with significant morbidity.^14,15 Appropriate guidance for first-line clinicians to assist in appropriate decision-making regarding stenting is unavailable in the literature, which prompted us to undertake this study.

Furthermore, the correlation between different baseline physical characteristics and midterm outcomes has not been established, resulting in a lack of objective clinical references. The primary aim of this study was, therefore, to develop a model to integrate patients’ baseline characteristics and carotid ultrasound data and determine their impact on outcomes following carotid artery stenting, as assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

Materials and methods

Patient identification

Patients with a first episode of ischemic stroke were identified retrospectively using data procedure codes for carotid artery stenting recorded by the angiography laboratory of the Department of Neuroimaging, Chunghua Christian Hospital, Taiwan. Patients who underwent carotid artery stenting at Chunghua Christian Hospital, Taiwan, between January 2010 and July 2014 and were aged >18 years were eligible for inclusion. Inclusion criteria were initial ischemic stroke, carotid stenosis with >50% lumen reduction by angiography, stroke primarily due to carotid stenosis (with minimal or no other etiologies that could be well explained in the index event), no evidence of recurrent stroke, minimal or no rehabilitation treatment after the stenting procedure, and follow-up available for at least 1 year after stenting. Exclusion criteria were patients with cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms, and those lost to follow-up or for whom follow-up was not available for at least 1 year after stenting. Functional capability was evaluated by using the mRS. Assessment of functional capability was conducted by two physicians independently, and any discrepancies were resolved by a third physician. Functional capability was assessed at two time points; the first assessment was conducted before stenting and the second in an outpatient clinic, 1 year after stenting treatment.

Patients were divided into two groups based on patient functional capability, with mRS ≤2 points (ie, 0, 1, or 2) considered physically “good condition” and mRS >2 points (ie, 3, 4, 5, or 6) defined as “poor condition”. Medical records were reviewed and data recorded for a total of 107 patients.

Patients were transferred from outpatient clinics, emergency departments, or branch hospitals to Chunghua Christian Hospital where they were admitted for examination and treatment. All patients had comprehensive medical history recorded at admission along with carotid ultrasound and biochemistry investigations. Cranial diffusion-weighted sequence magnetic resonance imaging and angiography was conducted to confirm the ischemic lesion. The selected patients were stented, on average, 1 month after the index stroke episode. All patients underwent several neuroimaging examinations to confirm the degree of stenosis before the stenting treatment, and all stenting was conducted by one specialist. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chunghua Christian Hospital. The study was retrospective and the informed consent was not required by the Institutional Review Board of Chunghua Christian Hospital.

Baseline patient history

Patient demographics (eg, sex and age) and pertinent risk factors were obtained. Age, sex, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glycated hemoglobin, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, gouty arthritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (defined as previous bloodstream LDL recording(s) ≥100 mg/dL and/or under lipid-lowering agent treatment) were extracted from the chart records to a standardized data extraction form.

Imaging

Carotid ultrasound and neuroradiological examinations were conducted according to standard protocols. Further information is included in the supplementary materials.

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS for Windows (Version 16.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).

Data analysis was conducted in three steps

Step 1

Clinical baseline characteristics and carotid ultrasound data were classified into two groups according to the mRS score (mRS ≤2 and mRS >2). The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to determine differences in the means of continuous variables between the two groups. Categorical variables were compared using the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the significance of risk factors; P-values <0.050 were considered statistically significant.

Step 2

The data were processed in the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection system (CHAID), and the most influential variables were selected and classified.^16–19 CHAID, a decision tree widely used in fields such as business, marketing, and medical research, can be used for prediction and classification, and for detecting the interaction between variables. CHAID can reveal the most critical risk factors in both groups, thereby assisting clinicians to decide whether patients are suitable for stenting (ie, according to the predicted level of improvement after stenting). CHAID uses a prepruning strategy; a node is split only if a significant criterion is satisfied, thus preventing overfitting. CHAID was selected as our decision tree because of the criticality of interpretation and tree construction without overfitting.

Admission LDL was the root node of the tree, and LDL <100 mg/dL and ≥100 mg/dL were dichotomized as 0 and 1, respectively.^16,17 The other internal nodes, such as resistance index (RI), were dichotomized using 0.75 as the cut-off, with 0 and 1 representing values below and above 0.75, respectively. Sex was denoted with the letters F and M representing female and male, respectively. The disease-related parameters (ie, CKD, dyslipidemia, and gouty arthritis) were dichotomized as 0 (without disease) and 1 (with disease).

Although the objective was to obtain the risk factors and their interactions, the classification accuracy was also validated. We employed a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy to evaluate the misclassification rate of the decision tree and obtained an error rate of 23.3%. Most errors occurred in the right branch (Figure 1; admission LDL = yes, gouty arthritis = no) because of missing clinical records or unclear documentation. Excluding these data, the error rate was 6.3%, thus validating the CHAID predictions.

Figure 1 Display of the CHAID.

Notes: The admission LDL is the top node on the analytical tree, signaling that this was the most important factor. The other critical parameters are also shown at the bottom of the tree (0: without disease; 1: with disease).
Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CCA, common carotid artery; RI, resistance index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OA, ophthalmic artery; CHAID, Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection system.

Step 3

After obtaining the calculated contributing risk factors for stroke, we used the finite-state machine (FSM) to interpret the poststenting improvement.¹⁸ FSM is a computational system model consisting of a set of states, inputs, and rules that map each state to another state or to itself. FSM is an effective graphical decision-making model and is widely applied in such fields as communication protocol design, biology, and artificial intelligence. The prestenting data were projected to the followed-up mRS states (dichotomized as subsequent worse or improved condition) by using FSM to correlate the two groups.

Results

Baseline characteristics for the two groups of patients, mRS ≤2 and mRS >2, are as listed in Table 1. Age at admission, LDL, and gouty arthritis differed significantly between the groups (P<0.05). The prestenting carotid duplex data were comparable between the two groups, except for ipsilateral common carotid artery (CCA) RI (P=0.01; Table 2).

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics

	Prestenting mRS ≤2, n (%)	Prestenting mRS >2, n (%)	P-value
	n=63	n=44
Age (mean ± SD)	69.40±9.50	72.90±8.70	0.04
Body mass index (mean ± SD)	24.10±3.40	23.30±3.60	0.06
Admission LDL (mean ± SD)	92.95±29.90	112.83±32.40	<0.01
Glycated hemoglobin (mean ± SD)	6.53±1.30	6.51±1.20	0.98
Sex (male)	53 (84.1)	34 (77.3)	0.37
CKD	10 (15.9)	9 (20.5)	0.54
Chronic heart failure	1 (1.6)	1 (2.3)	0.79
Gouty arthritis	7 (11.1)	12 (27.3)	0.03
Atrial fibrillation	4 (6.3)	1 (2.3)	0.32
Diabetes mellitus	28 (44.4)	16 (36.4)	0.40
Hypertension	52 (82.5)	37 (84.1)	0.83
Dyslipidemia	45 (71.4)	33 (75.0)	0.68

Note: P<0.05, statistically significant. Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated.

Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SD, standard deviation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 2 Prestenting carotid ultrasound data

	Prestenting mRS ≤2, n (%)	Prestenting mRS >2, n (%)	P-value
	n=63	n=44
Intima–media thickness (mean ± SD)	0.89±0.19	0.89±0.18	0.86
Degree of stenosis (mean ± SD)	0.74±0.10	0.75±0.09	0.63
Reverse flow
OA reverse −	37 (58.7)	19 (43.2)	0.11
OA reverse +	26 (41.3)	25 (56.8)
Plaque type
Type 1 and 2	30 (47.6)	24 (54.5)	0.48
Type 3 and 4	33 (52.4)	20 (45.5)
Ipsilateral CCA RI
RI ≤0.75	18 (28.6)	23 (52.3)	0.01
RI >0.75	45 (71.4)	21 (47.7)
Ipsilateral ICA RI
RI ≤0.75	55 (87.3)	38 (86.4)	0.88
RI >0.75	8 (12.7)	6 (13.6)
Ipsilateral external carotid artery RI
RI ≤0.75	2 (3.2)	2 (4.5)	0.71
RI >0.75	61 (96.8)	42 (95.5)
Ipsilateral OA RI
RI ≤0.75	32 (50.8)	19 (43.2)	0.43
RI >0.75	31 (49.2)	25 (56.8)
Contralateral CCA RI
RI ≤0.75	26 (41.3)	22 (50.0)	0.37
RI >0.75	37 (58.7)	22 (50.5)
Contralateral ICA RI
RI ≤0.75	53 (84.1)	38 (86.4)	0.75
RI >0.75	10 (15.9)	6 (13.6)
Contralateral external carotid artery RI
RI ≤0.75	4 (6.3)	2 (4.5)	0.69
RI >0.75	59 (93.7)	42 (95.5)
Contralateral OA RI
RI ≤0.75	20 (31.7)	18 (40.9)	0.33
RI >0.75	43 (68.3)	26 (59.1)

Notes: Plaque type refers to the characteristic of plaque; degree of stenosis refers to the percentage of the carotid system obstruction; OA reversal refers to the presence of OA reversed flow. P<0.05, statistically significant. Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated.

Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SD, standard deviation; CCA, common carotid artery; RI, resistance index; ICA, internal carotid artery; OA, ophthalmic artery.

The baseline data were correlated with follow-up mRS score using an FSM model. In those patients with favorable baseline characteristics (mRS ≤2), 46% exhibited improvements in the follow-up mRS, whereas 54% exhibited stable values. In the mRS >2 group, most patients exhibited stable values (75%), 23% exhibited an improvement, and 2% presented higher values in their follow-up mRS grading.

The risk factors of interest were further grouped and analyzed using multivariate logistic analysis (Table 3). Admission LDL (odds ratio [OR]: 5.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86, 13.44), gouty arthritis (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 10.22), and ipsilateral CCA RI (OR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.83) were all significantly associated with mRS score at baseline.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analyses

	OR	P-value	95% CI
Dyslipidemia	0.64	0.39	0.22, 1.82
Sex	0.58	0.35	0.18, 1.84
Contralateral ophthalmic artery RI	0.95	0.92	0.36, 2.54
Ipsilateral CCA RI	0.30	0.02	0.11, 0.83
CKD	1.63	0.43	0.48, 5.57
Gouty arthritis	3.25	0.04	1.03, 10.22
Admission LDL	5.00	<0.01	1.86, 13.44

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RI, resistance index; CCA, common carotid artery; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

The results of the CHAID decision tree analysis are shown in Figure 1. In the right branch of CHAID, internal node 2 is gouty arthritis^20–22 (P=0.042); a baseline diagnosis of gouty arthritis is, therefore, likely to influence the diagnosis and outcome of stenting in stroke patients. However, medical records of patients with LDL exceeding 100 and without gouty arthritis may be missing or not well documented. In the mRS >2 group, node 6 (admission LDL =1 and gouty arthritis =1) has a large proportion, which classifies the two groups (baseline mRS ≤2 and mRS >2) well. In the left branch, internal node 1 is ipsilateral CCA RI (χ²=6.66; P=0.010). Sex²³ and gouty arthritis are internal node 3 (χ²=4.43; P=0.035) and node 4 (χ²=8.21; P=0.004), respectively; gouty arthritis is considered as a chance node again. The branch starts at node 4 and terminates at the end nodes (nodes 10, 13, 15, and 16), confirming effective classification; in particular, node 13 has 21 patients with stroke of low severity. CKD^24,25 is node 9 (χ²=4.43; P=0.035) and contralateral ophthalmic artery RI is node 14 (χ²=6.00; P=0.014); both these factors influence the clinical diagnosis and outcome. In the final branch, sex was internal node 3 (χ²=4.43; P=0.035) and dyslipidemia was internal node 7 (χ²=4.44; P=0.035). The three end nodes (nodes 8, 11, and 12) exhibit satisfactory classification.

The parameters of the CHAID tree were weighted in descending order of influence as follows: admission LDL (OR: 0.323), gouty arthritis (OR: 0.262), CKD (OR: 0.143), ipsilateral CCA RI (OR: 0.108), contralateral ophthalmic artery RI (OR: 0.072), sex (OR: 0.051), and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.042).

Similarities were observed in the variables selected using CHAID and multivariate analysis (Figure 1 and Table 3). Most significant variables, especially the critical factors, were the same: admission LDL, ipsilateral CCA RI, and gouty arthritis.

Discussion

The mRS scale is primarily a reflection of a patient’s mobility and degree of daily life independence. In our study, we observed significant improvement in motor function, but not high cortical function, following stenting treatment. It was observed that approximately 46% of the patients with favorable baseline characteristics (mRS score ≤2) exhibited improved mRS following stenting, and no patients with deterioration in mRS were observed in this group. In the group with unfavorable baseline mRS scores (mRS score >2), approximately 75% of the patients had stable follow-up mRS scores, with approximately 23% exhibiting an improvement. The physical harm derived from carotid artery stenting in the unfavorable group was near zero. These findings demonstrate that carotid artery stenting can improve most ischemic stroke patients’ functional outcomes, regardless of baseline characteristics, or at least stabilize previous functionalities.

A recent systematic review of guidelines for treatment of carotid stenosis found 33 guidelines relating to symptomatic carotid stenosis, of which CAS was endorsed by 27 of these guidelines (82%) for use in those patients at high Carotid endarterectomy risk due to comorbidities, vascular anatomy, or other reasons.¹² Carotid stenting is recommended¹³ for carotid stenosis patients when the diameter of the lumen is reduced by >70% by noninvasive imaging or >50% by catheter-based imaging. In addition, for elderly patients with carotid stenosis, carotid endarterectomy is preferred over carotid stenting treatment as it is associated with better outcomes. In our study, patients selected for carotid artery stenting were in the >70% or >50% category in accordance with the guideline. Furthermore, the mean age of our study population was about 70 years, because carotid endarterectomy is not a procedure conducted at our institution. The midterm functionality of our study population, in contrast to the findings reported in the guideline, revealed either stationary or improved outcome.

Admission LDL is significantly associated with the outcome of carotid stenting, as measured by mRS, in first-time ischemic stroke patients, implying that it may be a useful factor in predicting outcomes. The level of LDL should be evaluated at patient admission. Interestingly, high LDL levels have been implicated as being associated with poor outcomes in the coronary stenting setting.^26,27

The most influential risk factors yielded by CHAID were consistent with the significant variables in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Admission LDL, gouty arthritis, and ipsilateral CCA RI were the first decision and chance nodes in CHAID and were also significant in the multivariate analysis, thus affirming the reliability of the decision tree. High lipid profile patients might be comparatively asymptomatic compared with other risk factors or unaware that they are at risk. This finding underlies the significant value of blood lipid profile work-up at admission.

The fact that gouty arthritis is associated with poor outcome may underlie the proinflammatory nature of the condition. Interestingly, high serum uric acid concentration is a known risk factor for gout, and one study has shown that in patients with acute ischemic stroke, the chance of a good clinical outcome increases significantly with increasing serum uric acid concentration.²⁸

RI, a clinical parameter generated from carotid ultrasound, represents the general downstream blood vascular bed resistance level.²⁹ Values of RI greater than 0.75 denote increased downstream vascular bed resistance level and can arise as a result of a number of factors, including obstructions. Because CCA and internal carotid artery are the major vessels supplying blood to the intracranial hemispheres, their RI values are lower than that of external carotid artery under normal circumstances (CCA and internal carotid artery <0.75, external carotid artery >0.75).

In this study, it was observed that ipsilateral CCA RI was a critical factor among patients included in the analysis. The analysis of the baseline mRS ≤2 and >2 groups revealed that patients with RI >0.75 were more commonly found in the mRS ≤2 group. This interesting observation may be explained by the flow velocity pattern formula ([peak systolic velocity {PSV} – end diastolic velocity {EDV}]/PSV; normal value: ≤0.75).³⁰ When the stenosis increases, PSV increases correspondingly. As the stenosis nears the threshold, the PSV stops increasing; subsequently, the EDV increases. The low RI indicates that EDV has reached a critical threshold. This indication can lead to a poor clinical outcome.

This study has several limitations. First, because this was a retrospective, single medical center study, the sample size was small and the case selection was prone to biases and confounding factors; the results must be carefully interpreted. Second, all patients were of Asian origin, and therefore the results may be applicable only to Asian populations. Third, most patients in this study were elderly, and so caution should be used before extrapolation to other age groups. Fourth, medical treatment during the poststenting phase could have been viewed on the medical chart by the clinician (eg, antigouty arthritis and antihyperlipidemic drugs). This might have led to bias at the time of assessment of follow-up mRS score, resulting in interpretation bias. Finally, the follow-up duration was short (at around 1 year). Studies of a longer duration are warranted.

Conclusion

Among commonly measured baseline characteristics, admission LDL is associated with midterm functional outcomes. This study supports the effectiveness of carotid stenting, even in those patients with poor baseline physical function.

Acknowledgments

Our special thanks to Ping-Yi Lin, PhD, of Chunghua Christian Hospital for her literature review. This project is partially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology and Big Data Research Center of National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan.

Supplementary materials

Carotid ultrasound examination

Cervical carotid artery examination was performed using a Philips iE33 7 mHz linear transducer. Patients slightly tilted their head to the contralateral side, and the transducer was placed on their necks. Cross-sectional B mode scanning was performed to detect intraluminal plaque, and longitudinal screening was adopted for validation. The plaque was classified as subtype 1–4 independently by two physicians according to the international classification system.¹ In case of classification discrepancy, reassessment was conducted by a third physician. The common carotid intima–media thickness at the midportion on the ipsilateral side (symptomatic side of the index stroke event) was measured. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistance index (flow velocity pattern formula, defined as PSV − EDV)/PSV) of the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, and ophthalmic artery bilaterally were assessed. Reversal of blood flow in the ophthalmic artery was also measured. Forward and reverse flow was defined as blood flow away from the stenotic ipsilateral carotid artery and blood flow into the carotid artery, respectively. The degree of carotid stenosis was calculated according to the European Carotid Surgery Trial method² along with parameter classification at various sites of the extracranial carotid system.³

Neuroradiological examinations

Magnetic resonance imaging/angiography

Structural and functional magnetic resonance images and angiographic examinations were performed using a 3T-(Magnetom Verio, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA, USA) or 1.5 T imager (Magnetom Aera, Siemens Healthcare) with a cervical coil. A standard protocol was followed to evaluate stroke, including axial diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient, and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequences. Three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography without contrast enhancement was performed in the transverse plane by using a sliding interleaved kY acquisition sequence comprising six overlapping slabs of eleven sections by employing the following parameters: section thickness, 1.2 mm; repetition time (ms)/echo time (ms), 242/7; flip angle, 20°; field of view, 200×200 mm²; matrix, 205×320. The final pixel size was 0.975×0.625 mm. The entire imaging time was approximately 7 minutes.

Digital subtraction angiography and stenting

Biplanar intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography was performed using a biplanar flap panel rotational angiography unit (Axiom Artis Zee, Siemens Healthcare) with an image intensifier matrix of 1,024×1,024 pixels and a final pixel size of 0.37 mm. Immediately after approaching the femoral artery, a 7-F catheter (Mach 1, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was inserted into the right or left CCA near the carotid bifurcation. Posteroanterior and lateral projections were acquired at the level of carotid bifurcation. A third projection at an oblique angle was acquired if overlapping vessels were noted in the original two projections. For each projection, 11 mL of nonionic iodinated contrast material (Omnipaque 350, GE Healthcare, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, Ireland) was intra-arterially injected at a flow rate of 7 mL/s by using an automatic injector (Mark V ProVis, Medrad, Whippany, NJ, USA). Subsequently, stenting was performed. A guidewire was inserted into the carotid artery on either side of the stenotic region. An EZ filter wire (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was used predilation to prevent most of the major strokes caused by distal embolic migration. Overall, 5,000 units of prophylactic heparin were administered. A self-expandable ×30 mm carotid wall stent was delivered coaxially through the guiding catheter into the stenotic area (Figure S1).

Figure S1 An example of first-time ischemic stroke with critical carotid artery stenosis.

Notes: The patient was brought to our stroke services due to acute onset of left-sided weakness and slurred speech 1 day prior to ward admission. (A) The diffusion-weighted sequence of MRI showed right middle cerebral artery territory high signal intensity, suggestive of ischemic lesion (black arrow). (B) Extracranial carotid duplex showed increased resistance flow profile with turbulent flow, high PSV, and spectral broadening of right proximal ICA. (C) Digital subtraction angiography revealed critical stenosis (>90%) of the right distal CCA and the proximal part of ICA (black arrow). (D) The stent was delivered subsequently through a guiding catheter into the right ICA (black arrow).

Abbreviations: ICA, internal carotid artery; PSV, peak systolic velocity; EDV, end diastolic velocity; MDV, mean diastolic velocity; RI, resistance index; PI, pulsatility index; S/D, ratio of systolic to diastolic blood pressure; TAPV, time-averaged peak velocity; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CCA, common carotid artery.

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Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.