Abstract
Purpose
Videolaryngoscopy in nasotracheal intubation has been reported to be better than direct laryngoscopy. The most suitable type of videolaryngoscope remains unknown. This study aimed to compare two videolaryngoscopes (McGrath MAC and Pentax AWS) with a Macintosh laryngoscope during nasotracheal intubation.
Methods
Overall, 123 patients older than 18 with normal airways who needed nasotracheal intubation were randomly allocated into three groups: Macintosh (n=41), McGrath (n=41), and Pentax (n=41). Intubation time was the primary outcome and subdivided into three steps: nose to oropharynx, oropharynx to laryngeal inlet, and laryngeal inlet to trachea. Time required, ease of each step, glottic view grade, modified nasal intubation–difficulty score, and subjective difficulty were evaluated.
Results
Intubation time among the three groups was not significantly different (Macintosh 34.6±8.1 seconds, McGrath 35.2±7.9 seconds, Pentax 36.2±9.7 seconds; p=0.727). While the glottal view was better with videolaryngoscopes (I/IIa/IIb/III 36.6%/36.6%/19.5%/7.3% vs 82.9%/9.8%/7.3%/0%, vs 63.4%/29.3%/4.9%/2.4%, p=0.000), modified nasal intubation–difficulty score and subjective difficulty and ease of each step were not significantly different. However, the Pentax took longest for the second step (11.8±6.3 vs 10.3±3.5 vs 15.1±7.6 seconds, p=0.001) but was shortest for the third step (2.9±2.6 vs 4.4±5.6 vs 1.7±0.7 seconds, p=0.001).
Conclusion
The McGrath MAC and Pentax AWS showed no benefits in intubation time or difficulty, despite better glottal views, compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope in nasotracheal intubation. Additionally, videolaryngoscopes had variable performance at different steps of nasotracheal intubation.
Introduction
Nasotracheal intubation is often required during oral or maxillofacial operations. Similarly to orotracheal intubation, nasotracheal intubation becomes difficult with poor laryngoscopic views. Furthermore, even under excellent laryngeal views, the navigation of tube to trachea is often difficult in nasotracheal intubation compared to orotracheal intubation. Nasotracheal intubation can thus lead to extension of intubation time, which can be associated with major problems, including hypoxia and hypertension.Citation1,Citation2 Numerous reports have suggested that utilization of videolaryngoscopy during nasotracheal intubation results in better clinical outcomes than direct laryngoscopy.Citation3–Citation8
Various videolaryngoscopes, such as the Airtraq, McGrath, C-MAC, GlideScope, and Pentax AWS, are available. Videolaryngoscopes can be categorized according to the blade shape and presence of channel guides. With a steep angled blade without a channel guide, the GlideScope has shorter intubation times and an easier procedure compared to the Pentax AWS or Macintosh direct laryngoscopy.Citation9 The McGrath MAC has shown shorter intubation time over Macintosh laryngoscopy, while Pentax AWS has not.Citation10 There have been few studiesCitation9,Citation11 comparing different types of videolaryngoscope during nasotracheal intubation, and the most suitable type of videolaryngoscope for nasotracheal intubation remains unknown. The current study thus compared two types of videolaryngoscope — the McGrath MAC and Pentax AWS — with a Macintosh direct laryngoscope during nasotracheal intubation. We measured intubation time and ease of operation, both overall and for subdivided steps.
Methods
All study protocols were approved by the Ajou Institutional Review Board (AJIRB-MED-OBS-170327, November 6, 2017) and the current trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03337555, November 9, 2017). Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Patients aged >18 years with an American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2 who were scheduled to undergo elective dental surgery under general anesthesia with nasotracheal intubation were enrolled. Participants who had anticipated difficult airway that included oropharyngeal congenital anomaly and modified Mallampati score IV were excluded. Participants who had bleeding tendencies in their preoperative evaluation were also excluded. Participants were randomized and allocated into three groups depending on the device used for intubation: Macintosh group, McGrath group, and Pentax group. An independent colleague not involved with this research conducted the random group assignment using randomization software. Immediately before anesthesia was administered, a sealed opaque envelope containing a number indicating the selected laryngoscope was provided to the anesthesiologist and opened in the operating room. The videolaryngoscopes used for this study were the McGrath MAC (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Pentax AWS (Hoya, Tokyo, Japan), and the tube used was a Polar preformed tracheal tube (Portex; Smith Medical, Minneapolis, MN, USA).
Participants entered the operation theater without premedication, a routine monitor was placed, and baseline hemodynamic data recorded. Before induction, the patient was asked which nostril was easier to breathe through. If patients had no preference, we usually chose the right nostril. For induction, fentanyl 1 µg/kg and thiopental 4–5 mg/kg were given. After patients had lost consciousness, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was given and manual ventilation done with 100% oxygen and 4%–6% sevoflurane. After 2 minutes, nasotracheal intubation was conducted using the assigned device by an expert anesthesiologist who was used to all three devices. In the Pentax group, the blade tip was inserted vallecularly or posteriorly to the epiglottis according to the position of the tip shown on the video screen at insertion of the blade.
The primary performance parameter was intubation time, measured by a separate observer with a video recorder and timer. Intubation time was defined as the time from passage of the nasotracheal tube past the nostril to appearance of end-tidal CO2 on the monitor. Secondary parameters were success rate, and “failure” defined intubation time >120 seconds, esophageal intubation regardless of time required, or oxygen-saturation decrease <95% during the procedure. The degree of epistaxis was also measured (1, no epistaxis; 4, severe; blood to impend intubation). The intubator provided Cormack–Lehane laryngeal view grade, modified nasal intubation–difficulty score (),Citation12 and subjective difficulty score (0, extremely easy; 10, extremely difficult). The whole process was recorded and divided into three steps according to steps of tube passage. The observer recorded the time required for each step using video recording, while the easiness of each step was evaluated by the intubator. The first step was defined as tube passage from nose to oropharynx. The ease of the first step was graded as 1, pass easily 2 need rotate to pass, and 3 give up and choose contralateral nostril. The second step was defined as tube passage from oropharynx to laryngeal inlet, specifically starting from the moment the laryngoscope passed the incisors to the moment of arrival of tube at the laryngeal inlet. The intubator was instructed to notify by voice when the tube arrived at the laryngeal inlet. The observer evaluated the duration, and the intubator evaluated ease as described by Patil et al ().Citation5 The third step was defined as tube passage from laryngeal inlet to trachea, where the nasotracheal tube passes the vocal cord. The observer e valuated the duration and the intubator graded ease.
Table 1 Modified nasal intubation–difficulty scale (MNIDS).Citation12
Table 2 Ease of second step using sequence of additional maneuvers.Citation5
Sample-size calculation and statistical analysis
A prior study on nasotracheal intubation reported an SD of 15.5 seconds.Citation4 Clinical significance was considered as >10-second difference between devices, the minimum number of patients for each group was 37, and considering the 10% dropout rate, we planned to enroll 41 patients for each group (α=0.05, β=0.2). All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous parametric data were compared using two-tailed t-tests, while nonparametric data were compared using Mann–-Whitney U tests. For categorical data, we used either χ2 tests or Fisher's exact tests (significance at p<0.05).
Results
A total of 123 patients, 41 in each group, completed the study (). Demographic data of patient age, weight, height, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and tube size were not significantly different among the groups (). In all three groups, right-nostril intubation was dominant. Total intubation time was not significantly different (Macintosh 34.6±8.1 seconds, McGrath 35.2±7.9 seconds, Pentax 36.2±9.7 seconds; p=0.727). There were no failures in any of the groups. McGrath and Pentax had more Cormack–Lehane laryngeal view grade I than Macintosh (Macintosh 15 (36.6%), McGrath 34 (82.9%), Pentax 26 (63.4%); p=0). Modified nasal intubation–difficulty score, subjective difficulty score, and degree of epistaxis were not different among the groups ().
Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram.
Table 3 Patient characteristics
Table 4 Intubation profiles
As mentioned previously, intubation time was divided into three steps regarding passage of the endotracheal tube. Neither intubation time nor ease was different in the groups in the first step (nose to oropharynx). As for time required in the second step, oropharynx to laryngeal inlet, the Pentax took longer than the McGrath (Macintosh 11.8±6.3 seconds, McGrath 10.3±3.5 seconds, Pentax 15.1±7.6 seconds, p=0.001). But there was no difference among groups in terms of easiness during the second step. As for the time required in the third step, laryngeal inlet to trachea, the Pentax required the least time (Macintosh 2.9±2.6 seconds, McGrath 4.4±5.6 seconds, Pentax 1.7±0.7 seconds; p=0.001). Ease showed no difference in the third step among groups (). The incidence of using additional maneuvers was not different among groups, including backward–upward–rightward pressure, Magill forceps, head flexion, cuff inflation, and tube rotation ().
Table 5 Intubation profile according by step
Table 6 Maneuvers
Discussion
Our study showed that the two types of videolaryngoscope had no benefit on intubation time or difficulty compared to the Macintosh direct laryngoscope during nasotracheal intubation, despite a better laryngeal view. The Pentax AWS, however, showed differences in intubation time compared with the other devices, in that it took longer for the nasotracheal tube to pass from the oropharynx to the laryngeal inlet, while it took less time for the tube to pass the laryngeal inlet compared to other devices.
Previous studies regarding videolaryngoscopes for nasotracheal intubation mostly report shorter total intubation time for videolaryngosopy compared to Macintosh direct laryngoscopy.Citation3,Citation4,Citation7–Citation9 Previously published nasotracheal intubation times for the Pentax AWS (36.4–38.4 seconds) and McGrath (34.4–36.5 seconds) were similar to our study results, while the Macintosh (36.5–44.9 sec) was shorter in our study (34.6 seconds).Citation4,Citation9,Citation10 The shorter intubation time of the Macintosh possibly resulted in overall similar intubation times for all devices in our study. Unlike orotracheal intubation, where exposure of the glottis takes time, the most time-consuming step during nasotracheal intubation is navigating the tube. The overall intubation time during nasotracheal intubation increases when additional maneuvers are performed.Citation10,Citation13–Citation15 A number of studies report that the use of videolaryngoscopes reduces the requirement of such maneuvers, and thus may have resulted in an overall shorter intubation time compared to direct layrngoscopes. Tseung et al reported that use of the GlideScope or Pentax AWS resulted in diminished use of backward–upward–rightward pressure.Citation9 St Mont et al also reported less use of maneuvers during Airtraq use,Citation3 and Kwak et al reported that use of the McGrath videolaryngoscope resulted in less use of Magill forceps than Macintosh direct laryngoscopy.Citation4 The results of our study did not show differences in maneuver use among the three groups, and this may have influenced the similar intubation times.
The use of the Portex north polar tube in this study may have contributed to the reduction in maneuver use in the Macintosh group, as it is designed to allow easier guidance of tracheal tubes to the glottis. Ozkan et alCitation16 reported that north polar tube was associated with fewer maneuvers than the spiral tube during Macintosh laryngoscopy. It is presumed that the performance of the Macintosh laryngoscope may be influenced by composition, coating, and design of the tube, which may have affected the results of the comparative study.Citation16–Citation18 A study comparing Airtaq and Macintosh laryngoscopy reported no difference in intubation time for easy intubation cases, while Airtaq use resulted in shorter intubation compared to Macintosh laryngoscopy for difficult intubation cases.Citation3 Our study included patients with normal airways and relatively easy intubation cases, and thus may have resulted in less difference among groups. Furthermore, intubation conducted by an anesthesiologist familiar with the Macintosh laryngoscope in our study may also also affected the final outcome.
There was no significant difference in easiness of procedure among the three groups in our study, which differs from previous reports. Studies have reported that most videolaryngoscopes were easier to use than Macintosh direct laryngoscopy during nasotracheal intubation.Citation9,Citation15,Citation19 Such factors as enrollment of normal-airway patients only, no significant difference in additional maneuver use among groups, and intubation performed by experts may have affected the similar outcome for all three groups in terms of objective easiness. A study that enrolled ankylosing spondylitis patients reported easier intubation with GlideScope use than Macintosh use.Citation20 Enrollment of difficult-airway patients may have accentuated the benefits of videolaryngoscopes.
An interesting finding in our study was that during Pentax AWS use, the second step of intubation (oropharynx to laryngeal inlet) took significantly longer, while the third step of intubation (laryngeal inlet to trachea) was shorter compared to other devices. Reasons for the prolonged second step may have been several in number. The Pentax AWS has a bulky Intlock design containing the tube-guiding channel, which often delays the scope-insertion process.Citation21–Citation23 Nowadays, a thinner blade is available, but we used the original blade in this study. The second step here starts from the moment the laryngoscope passed the incisors, which meant that the laryngoscope-insertion time was included in the second step. In addition, the narrow view provided by the Pentax AWS may have made navigation in the oropharynx difficult, as it may take longer for the tube to appear in sight.Citation11 on the other hand, the duration of the third step (laryngeal inlet to vocal cord) was shorter in the Pentax AWS group than the other two groups. Of note, the endotracheal tube being impeded in the laryngeal inlet >10 second occurred in five and two cases in the Macintosh and McGrath groups, respectively. These two devices require the laryngoscope to be lifted anteriorly during intubation, causing the larynx to displace anteriorly, which in turn may cause posterior vocal cord tissue to impede the tube.Citation24 Such change in the airway axis requires additional maneuvers, such as lifting the head and cuff inflation to keep the tube anterior.Citation25 The Pentax AWS has a rigid scope and requires minimal lifting force. Such design may have minimized airway distortion.Citation26 Considering the blind nasotracheal intubation–success rate without any lifting force is about 70%, the diminished lifting force may be beneficial in terms of alignment during nasotracheal intubation.Citation27 Taking into account such design features of the Pentax AWS, videolaryngoscope designs with a thinner blade, wider view, and rigid tube requiring less lifting force may be beneficial for nasotracheal intubation
One of the limitations in our study was that the intubator was not blinded from the devices. We used the Cormack–Lehane grading system for evaluation of the glottis view. This system, however, is not currently validated for evaluating risk of difficult or failed intubation during videolaryngoscopy. Unfortunately, no other adequate evaluation system exists for this purpose.Citation28 This study also enrolled normal-airway patients only, and thus our results cannot be extrapolated to all patients. Furthermore, additional studies including anticipated difficult-airway patients are required to establish the role of videolaryngoscopes in nasotracheal intubation.
In conclusion, the McGrath MAC and Pentax AWS showed no benefits in intubation time compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope in nasotracheal intubation. Intubation difficulty also showed no difference among groups, but video laryngoscopes provided better glottis views. The two types of videolaryngoscope showed different performance at each step of nasotracheal intubation.
Data sharing statement
The authors can provide the raw data upon reasonable request. The data will be available for 1 year after publication.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.
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