Spontaneous Simultaneous Bilateral Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage (SSBBGH): Systematic Review and Data Analysis on Epidemiology, Clinical Feature, Location of Bleeding, Etiology, Therapeutic Intervention and Outcome

Abstract

Background

Spontaneous simultaneous bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage (SSBBGH) is an extremely rare condition with only a few published case reports and series. However, there is no systematic review that has been published yet.

Objective

The study aims to conduct a systematic review on spontaneous simultaneous bilateral basal ganglion bleeding and a descriptive statistical analysis of collected data on epidemiology, clinical features, etiology, therapeutic approach and prognosis. This review aims to be a clinical reference for busy clinicians when they are faced with such a rare condition.

Methodology

This review has been carried out in accordance with recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results

Review of 60 cases showed that SSBBGH affected predominantly male patients (70%) with an average age of 50.8 ± 15.33 years and the male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1. The female patients tend to be older with an average age of 54.22 ± 16.67 years. Location of SSBBGHwas more common in the putamen (90% vs 10% non-putaminal). SSBBGH posed a significant mortality rate (33.33%). Among patients who survived, only 40.6% (13/32 report) have had favorable outcomes (mRS ≤2) and the remaining 59.4% (19/32) ended up with poor functional status (mRS ≥3-5). The most common implicated etiologies were hypertension followed by alcohol intoxication.

Conclusion

SSBBGH is a rare clinical entity with significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic approach can lead to early recognition of etiology and prompt treatment. Hypertension and the putamen are the most common etiology and location of SSBBGH, respectively. History of hypertension and age can help narrow differential diagnosis and limit unnecessary testing or intervention.

Keywords:

• bilateral basal ganglia bleeding
• bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage
• non-traumatic
• simultaneous

Consent for Publication

Approval from the IRB committee at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University was not required to publish this article.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.