Factors Associated with Hypertension Among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Indonesian Family Life Survey

Abstract

Purpose

Hypertension (HTN) poses a significant health risk for Indonesia’s large population. Underlying factors contributing to this disease are not fully understood at a national level. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate factors associated with HTN in Indonesia.

Patients and Methods

This study used data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5, a 2014 national cross-sectional population-based survey of individuals aged 15 years and older. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) value was determined from three blood pressure measurements taken by trained nurses using Omron digital sphygmomanometers. The respondent was classified as hypertensive when the MAP value was at least 100. The study summarised the socio-demographic factors (age, gender, marital status, ethnicity and occupation status) and lifestyle habits (smoking, sleep quality, physical activity) with descriptive statistics. The potential associations between these factors and HTN were assessed using logistic regression analysis. The results were reported in terms of odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The study included 32,670 respondents; 31.2% of them had HTN. Factors that were more likely associated with HTN were being <65 years old, being married (OR 1.257, 95% CI 1.170–1.352) and being smoker (OR 1.297, 95% CI 1.198–1.404), while being male (OR 0.677, 95% CI: 0.625–0.733) and doing no physical activity (OR 0.870, 95% CI: 0.813–0.930) were less likely to be associated with HTN.

Conclusion

This study indicates that there are associations between certain socio-demographic factors and lifestyle habits with HTN in Indonesia. This information may help policymakers and healthcare providers to develop effective strategies in order to control HTN in Indonesia, thereby improving the overall health and well-being of the population.

Keywords:

• hypertension
• lifestyle
• socio-demographic
• Indonesian Family Life Survey

Data Sharing Statement

The data used in this study are publicly available from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), which is a collaborative effort between RAND Corporation, University of Gadjah Mada and Survey METER. The data can be accessed at https://www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS.html.

Ethical Approval

The ethics review committees of RAND and the Indonesian University of Gadjah Mada have authorized the IFLS.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Survey METER and RAND Corporation for granting permission to use the Indonesian Family Life Survey database.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

There is no fund to report.