Abstract
Background
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) guidelines recommend aggressive risk factor modification to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Recommended pharmacologic therapies include antiplatelets, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins).
Purpose
We studied the degree to which patient admission to a vascular surgery service increased the use of these therapies.
Patients and methods
The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of 150 patients with PAD admitted to the vascular surgery service at a large Canadian tertiary care hospital. The use of recommended pharmacologic therapies at the time of admission and discharge were compared. A multidisciplinary clinical team established criteria by which patients were deemed ineligible to receive any of the recommended therapies. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were considered an alternative to ACE inhibitors.
Results
Prior to hospital admission, 64% of patients were on antiplatelet therapy, 67% were on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, and 71% were on a statin. At the time of discharge, 91% of patients were on an antiplatelet (or not, with an acceptable reason), 77% were on an ACE inhibitor or an ARB (or not, with an acceptable reason), and 85% were on a statin (or not, with an acceptable reason). While new prescriptions were largely responsible for improved guideline adherence with antiplatelets and statins, most of the apparent improvement in ACE inhibitor and ARB use was the result of identifying an acceptable reason for not having them prescribed.
Conclusion
This hypothesis generating pilot study supports the findings of others that there is suboptimal prescription of pharmacologic risk reduction therapies in the PAD population. Admission to a vascular service increases these rates. Nevertheless, some patients are still not receiving evidence-based treatment at discharge even after consideration of acceptable reasons. Strategies are needed to improve PAD guideline adherence in both the community at large and the vascular surgery service.
Introduction
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent condition that affects 12% to 29% of the elderly Canadian populationCitation1 and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Patients with PAD have widespread arterial disease; consequently, the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death is significantly increased.Citation2 PAD is also associated with decreased functional capacity, reduced quality of life, and limb amputation.
The 2005 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial DiseaseCitation3 (updated in 2011),Citation4 Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2005 PAD Consensus Document,Citation5 and 2011 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Antiplatelet GuidelinesCitation6 recommend aggressive risk factor modification to improve patient outcomes. In addition to exercise, smoking cessation, and hypertension and diabetes management, the recommended risk reduction therapies for all patients (unless contraindicated) include an antiplatelet agent, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and an HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (statin).
Studies show that patients with PAD are suboptimally managed from a pharmacotherapy perspective, which is associated with increased all-cause mortality.Citation7 Worldwide prescriber adherence to PAD guideline-based therapy is generally low; however, to our knowledge, only two studies have reviewed guideline adherence in Canada.Citation8–Citation9 An observational, retrospective study from Quebec evaluated a population-based cohort of patients with PAD who were discharged from a tertiary care teaching hospital and found that secondary prevention treatment remained suboptimal.Citation8 Similarly, a recent retrospective pilot study out of Alberta determined that only about half of patients with diabetes who underwent vascular surgery received risk factor modification with all three recommended therapies.Citation9
The influence of patient gender on the medical treatment of PAD has been investigated in several studies with differing results. One study from Ireland found similar prescription rates for ACE inhibitors in men and women.Citation10 In contrast, the study from Quebec found that significantly more men than women used statins (49.1% versus [vs] 45.6%) and ACE inhibitors (44.5% vs 39.3%). Data on differences in treatment based on type of admission (elective vs emergent) is limited.
This retrospective chart review pilot study was designed to determine whether in-patient admission to a multidisciplinary vascular surgery service at a tertiary teaching hospital improved the number of patients who received pharmacological risk factor modification with antiplatelets, ACE inhibitors, and statins in patients with lower extremity PAD. We also examined the documented or presumed reasons for not prescribing these medications. Finally, we investigated whether there were differences in prescribing rates according to type of admission (elective vs emergent) and patient gender.
Methods
Study setting
Our hospital is a 1,000 bed tertiary care academic teaching center located in Toronto, Canada. Each year, 5,000 patients are referred for vascular surgery consultations and more than 800 major reconstructions are performed.Citation11 The in-patient vascular service consists of approximately 17 beds and serves as a quaternary referral center for CritiCall Ontario, a 24-hour emergency referral service for physicians across Ontario.Citation12 Patient care is provided by an interdisciplinary team, which includes surgeons, fellows, resident physicians, nurses, technologists, pharmacists, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, and dietitians. Patients access the service as emergency, urgent, or elective hospital admissions.
Study population
We screened all consecutive patients admitted to the in-patient vascular surgery service beginning in January 2010 until 150 patients met inclusion criteria. To be included, patients required a primary or secondary diagnosis of lower extremity PAD documented in the preadmission clinic notes or discharge summary. If the diagnosis was not specified, the patient was considered to have lower extremity PAD if admitted for the following interventions: aortofemoral bypass, axillary-femoral bypass, femoral-femoral crossover, femoral-popliteal bypass, femoral-tibial bypass, amputation, and peripheral angiogram with or without angioplasty or stent.
Exclusion criteria included lack of diagnosis of lower-extremity PAD, death during hospital admission, lack of a comprehensive or best possible medication history (BPMH), or lack of a discharge summary that included medications at discharge. Patients were considered to have a BPMH if the electronic patient record contained a pharmacist-documented list of preadmission medications which involves interviewing the patient, checking multiple sources of information, and taking note of any issues with compliance. If a patient was admitted to the service more than once during the study period, only data from the first admission were analyzed.
Study design
The institution’s Research Ethics Board approved the study protocol. The sample size of 150 patients was chosen based on the timeframe and resources available for this project. A standardized data collection form was created and used to retrieve data from the electronic patient record, including medications documented in the BPMH, medications listed on the discharge summary, patient demographics, and pertinent laboratory values. Documented comorbidities were collected from the discharge summary and preadmission clinic notes (if available). Rates of use of the following guideline-recommended classes of medications were extracted – antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, and statins. Because angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have similar benefitsCitation13 and in practice are often used as an alternative to ACE inhibitors, rates of use of ARBs were also extracted.
A list of clinically acceptable reasons for not prescribing specific agents was created and agreed upon by an expert multidisciplinary clinical team prior to the chart review. This team was comprised of a vascular surgeon, five pharmacists, and a nurse practitioner. Where consensus was not achieved, input from external experts was obtained. During data collection, if one clinically acceptable reason from this list was found, additional reasons were not sought.
Each patient admission was categorized as elective or emergent. The patients were classified as elective if they had been seen in the preadmission clinic or if the discharge summary indicated the reason for admission was an elective procedure. Patients were classified as emergent if they were admitted through the emergency department or transferred urgently from another facility for emergency vascular consultation.
Endpoints
The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients receiving guideline-based medications before and after admission to a vascular surgery service. Secondary endpoints included: 1) the list of clinically acceptable reasons for not prescribing specific medications, 2) the percentage of patients on all three of the recommended risk-modifying medication classes, and 3) the percentage of patients on risk-modifying medications stratified by type of admission (elective vs emergent) and patient gender.
Descriptive statistical analyses of all demographic variables and study endpoints were performed with the use of Excel® software, version 11 (Microsoft Corporation®, Redmond, WA, USA).
Results
All patients admitted to the vascular surgery service from January 2010 to July 2010 were screened for eligibility. shows the selection of study population. Four hundred eighteen patients were screened sequentially until 150 patients met inclusion criteria. shows the mean age was 71.4 years and 33.3% of the patients were women.
Figure 1 Selection of patients with lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of PAD patients (n=150)
Results are documented in . Prior to hospital admission, 64% of patients were on antiplatelet therapy, 66.7% were taking either an ACE inhibitor or ARB, and 71.3% were taking a statin. At the time of discharge, 82.7% of patients were discharged on an antiplatelet, 59.3% were discharged on either an ACE inhibitor or ARB, and 82% were discharged on a statin. When including patients who were not on therapy due to a clinically acceptable reason: 91.3% of patients were on an antiplatelet agent (or not, with an acceptable reason), 77.3% of patients were on an ACE inhibitor or ARB (or not, with an acceptable reason), and 85.3% of patients were on a statin (or not, with an acceptable reason) at discharge. Antiplatelet agents included acetylsalicylic acid (most commonly) and clopidogrel 75 mg once daily.
Table 2 Prescribed risk factor modification therapy, stratified by type of admission
The percentage of patients on all three classes of medications concurrently was 40.7% prior to admission. At discharge, 60.7% were on all three classes or had an acceptable reason not to be on therapy. Patients admitted electively had higher rates of guideline-based therapy both prior to admission and at discharge compared to patients admitted emergently.
The clinically acceptable reasons for not prescribing a guideline-recommended agent are listed in . The most common reason for not being on an antiplatelet agent (seven of 13 patients) was because the patient was on oral anticoagulation therapy for another indication (ie, atrial fibrillation) and had no other documented indication for antiplatelet therapy.Citation6 The most common reason for not prescribing an ACE inhibitor or ARB was acute renal dysfunction (17 of 27 patients). The most common reasons for not prescribing a statin were allergy (two of five patients) and hepatic impairment (two of five patients).
Table 3 Patients with clinically acceptable reasons for nonprescription of risk factor modification treatment
An increase in prescription of all three classes of medications was observed in both males and females (). When comparing males and females, there were very similar rates of prescription of antiplatelets or ACE inhibitors/ARBs at discharge. Of particular interest was a trend to have a higher proportion of males (90%) on a statin at discharge (or not, with a clinically acceptable reason) compared to females (76%).
Table 4 Prescribed risk factor modification therapy, stratified by gender
Discussion
We found that after in-patient admission to a vascular surgery service, more patients were discharged on certain guideline-based pharmacologic therapies compared to preadmission; however, there is still room for improvement. A high proportion of our patients with PAD were discharged on an antiplatelet agent and statin, yet ACE inhibitors and ARBs appear to be underprescribed.
Platelets have a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; antiplatelet drugs are recommended in the management of patients with PAD due to their efficacy in ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.Citation5 However, in our population, only 64% of patients admitted to the vascular surgery service were on an antiplatelet prior to admission. This low rate is not likely due to patients holding aspirin preoperatively for elective procedures, as this is not standard practice at our institution. On discharge, 82.7% of patients left hospital on an antiplatelet. This number increases to 91.3% when we also consider patients who had a clinically acceptable reason for not being on antiplatelet therapy (). Given the retrospective nature of this study, we were unable to determine with confidence if the patients with a history of GI bleed would be suitable for current antiplatelet therapy. As such, history of GI bleed was considered to be an acceptable reason for antiplatelet omission for the purposes of this study. The observed overall improvement in care is substantial; however, almost 10% of patients were discharged without antiplatelet therapy and no clear reason for the omission.
In 2003, a subgroup analysis of patients with PAD was published from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial.Citation14 Ramipril 10 mg per day was shown to reduce the risk of a cardiovascular event by 25% in patients with symptomatic PAD. The HOPE trial also implied that ACE inhibitors are likely to benefit PAD patients with borderline or normal blood pressure.Citation5 Historically, and in spite of the existing evidence, ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been the most challenging class of medications to prescribe for patients with PAD. It is unknown if this is due to the greater number of contraindications in this medically complex population, or because clinicians have concerns regarding ongoing monitoring of renal function and blood pressure. In our population, 66.7% of patients were admitted to hospital on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, which is a higher percentage than patients admitted on an antiplatelet agent. On discharge, 59.3% of patients were discharged on either an ACE inhibitor or ARB. When including patients who were considered ineligible for ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, the percentage of patients on appropriate therapy increases to 77.3%. In other words, 27 patients out of the entire population (18%) had a clinically acceptable reason for not being prescribed an ACE inhibitor or ARB at discharge. The most common reason was acute renal failure while in hospital, and we hypothesize this is why actual prescription rates decreased after admission. This highlights that this population is at considerable risk of acute renal failure, and consequently adherence to guideline-recommended therapy with ACE inhibitors or ARBs is challenging. It also highlights that the goal of achieving 100% compliance with the guideline recommendation for the use of these agents may not be practical. For the purpose of this study, if an episode of acute renal failure occurred at any point during admission, this was considered sufficient reason to withhold ACE inhibitor therapy for the duration of the admission. Many admissions are too short to provide enough time for adequate renal recovery. Certainly this reason is no longer valid once stable renal function has been established. It would be of interest to follow these patients as outpatients to assess if and when an ACE inhibitor is initiated. This is an area for future research.
There is strong evidence to support the lowering of serum cholesterol with the use of statins as a primary therapy to reduce the likelihood of vascular events. Pleotropic effects of statins include anti-inflammatory properties, improved endothelial dependent vasodilation of peripheral arteries, and angiogenesis promotion.Citation5 On admission, more patients were on a statin (71.3%) than an antiplatelet agent or ACE inhibitor/ARB. At discharge, 82% of patients were on a statin.
We found that 7.7% of patients screened were excluded due to lack of electronic documentation (no BPMH, no discharge summary, or no discharge medication list). This is likely due to a number of factors: short weekend admissions may not be seen by a pharmacist and thus may not have a BPMH; very short admissions (less than 24 hours) do not always result in the generation of an electronic discharge summary; and also, occasional user error may result in documents not being saved in the computer system. These are inherent limitations related to retrospective chart reviews.
As seen in , many PAD patients have multiple comorbidities, and this may contribute to the difficulties in prescribing risk-modifying medications. This also implies, however, that these patients stand to benefit most significantly from implementing such therapies. A high proportion of patients seen by the service had documented coronary artery disease (56.7%). The prevalence of diabetes was 40.7%. This number is in line with other studies both in Ireland and in Quebec which document a prevalence of diabetes in the PAD population between 20%–30%.Citation8,Citation9 Chronic kidney disease was also common (22%), which likely contributes to the difficulties in prescribing ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
In comparison with emergent admissions, a higher proportion of elective patients were on risk-modifying therapies. This was anticipated as patients admitted for elective surgery would have had prior contact with healthcare providers and therefore opportunity for interventions. These patients would likely have been assessed for PAD by their family doctor and seen in the preadmission clinic prior to admission. At the time of admission, 77.1% of elective patients were on an antiplatelet, 77.1% were on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, and 81.4% were on a statin. These rates were lower in patients admitted emergently, possibly because emergent patients may be presenting with their first diagnosis of PAD. It is encouraging that patients admitted emergently had a substantial improvement in therapy at the time of discharge. For example, in emergent patients, there was a 38.8% increase in antiplatelet therapy use, 16.3% increase in ACE inhibitor or ARB use, and a 21.3% increase in statin use when patients who were not on therapy for an acceptable reason were included in the patient count.
Secondary endpoints of the study included describing the common reasons for not prescribing risk factor modification therapy. In addition to the list of clinically acceptable reasons developed by our experts, there were only two additional documented reasons identified through the process of chart review – patients whose care changed from active to palliative and ACE inhibitor/ARB held due to concerns of renal impairment while on concomitant vancomycin therapy. We were able to determine an acceptable reason for not being prescribed an antiplatelet in 13 patients, an ACE inhibitor or ARB in 27 patients, and a statin in five patients. It is clear that clinicians underprescribe these classes of medications for patients with PAD, even in patients who do not have a specific contraindication.
The influence of gender on prescription rates was also analyzed. There were twice as many men as women in our study population. Prescription rates of antiplatelets and ACE inhibitors/ARBs at discharge were similar for both genders. However, there were differences in rates of prescription of statins. Only 72% of women were discharged on a statin, compared to 87% of men. When including patients not prescribed a statin for a clinically acceptable reason, the difference between men and women (90% for men, 76% for women) persisted. This is interesting when compared to the results from Pâquet et al where treatment rates with statins for men with PAD discharged from a tertiary teaching hospital were higher than women from the same population (49.1% vs 46.6%, respectively).Citation8 More research is needed to understand these differences in prescribing patterns.
Because this was a retrospective chart review, the authors relied on the discharge summary medication list as the sole source of information regarding discharge medications. This was a good reference to use, as discharge medication reconciliation is achieved for over 80% of patients on this unit; however, there was no way to verify patient compliance with this list of medications after discharge.
This study is subject to the limitations inherent to retrospective chart reviews. Patients who may have otherwise been eligible may not have met inclusion criteria simply due to lack of documentation. This study took place during a specific 6-month timeframe in 2010 and may or may not be generalizable to other periods in time. The acceptable reasons for not prescribing a medication at discharge were gathered from the chart. However, information regarding reasons for nonprescribing prior to admission were not available, so it was not possible to collect this information. The list of clinically acceptable reasons was developed specifically for this study and had not been previously validated. Given that there were only two additional acceptable reasons discovered during chart review, the list can be considered comprehensive. PAD guidelines also recommend other management strategies including hypertension, diabetes, and smoking cessation therapy. This study was not designed to address these components of PAD management. The sample size is not large enough to allow for tests of statistical significance. However, in terms of clinical significance, there was a clear increase in the numbers of patients receiving secondary prevention therapies. In addition, the sample size of 150 is a large and informative number which allows for a descriptive quality of care assessment that is clinically relevant and is based on the needs and resources of the institution.
Although it is clear that admission to the vascular surgery service increased the number of patients on appropriate therapy, 39.3% of patients were, in fact, discharged from hospital without all three therapies prescribed. This suggests there are barriers to providing optimal care. While this study did not specifically investigate these barriers, the authors speculate the following reasons: some admissions were short, with limited opportunity for initiating therapy; some admissions occurred over the weekend, when staff is limited and less likely to be performing a full medication review; and there may be some discrepancy among physicians regarding who is responsible for initiating such therapies. Some may think this is the responsibility of the primary care physician, not the surgical team. Additionally, this population is very complex. It may be difficult to assess the appropriateness of certain medications in a population with multiple comorbidities, and perhaps more prescriber education is required. Future research should focus on determining which barriers exist and developing methods and tools for overcoming these barriers.
Other areas for research include reviewing the study population in 12 to 24 months to gain an understanding of long-term adherence rates months after in-patient admission. This study also highlights that areas of improvement for the vascular surgery service exist. Opportunities for intervention within the program need to be identified, but also at other points of contact with health care providers in the community prior to presenting to a tertiary care center.
Conclusion
In-patient admission to our vascular surgery service correlates with clinically important improvement in pharmacological risk factor management. This improvement occurs most dramatically in the emergent population, and is gender neutral. Nevertheless, some patients are still not receiving evidence-based treatment at discharge. This warrants consideration of further strategies to improve PAD guideline adherence, in both the community and the vascular surgery service.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.
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