Marked leukocytosis in response to estramustine phosphate in a hormone-refractory prostate cancer patient

Abstract

A 67-year-old man was refered to our institution with a complaint of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (54 ng/mL). Diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the prostate with a Gleason score of 9, with bone metastasis (stageD2). He was treated with maximal androgen blockade followed by estramustine phosphate (EMP) because of the progression to hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Leukocytosis over 20000/μL was repeatedly observed at each administration of EMP. This is the first case report of leukocytosis in response to EMP in an HRPC patient. The present case suggests that EMP could modulate leukocyte differentiation in HRPC patients.

Keywords:

• leukocytosis
• neutrophilia
• estramustine phosphate
• hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Introduction

Estramustine phosphate (EMP), a carbamate ester of 17 beta-estradiol and nor-nitrogen mustard, has been used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Major toxicities by the treatment with EMP are gastrointestinal and cardiovascular events with less frequent leukopenia.¹ On the other hand, an increase in white blood cell (WBC) counts by the treatment with EMP was reported by Daponte and colleagues in 1983.² They examined changes in WBC counts in 12 hormone-naïve prostate cancer patients treated by EMP, and showed that WBC counts increased in response to the administration of EMP. However, in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients, there have been no reports on leukocytosis in response to EMP. Herein, we present the first case report of leukocytosis which was repeatedly observed at each administration of EMP in an HRPC patient.

Case report

A 67-year-old man was refered to our institution with a complaint of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (54 ng/mL) in 2004. A prostate biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma of the prostate with a Gleason score of 9 (4 + 5). A systemic survey showed multiple bone metastasis. Based on the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer (stage D2), he received maximal androgen blockade (MAB) consisting of leuprorelin acetate and bicaldamide followed by flutamide. The other hospital medications were nifedipine, valsartan, trichlormethiazide, verapamil hydrochloride, aspirin, and subcutaneous insulin as he had hypertension, arrhythmia and diabetes mellitus. The PSA level decreased to the nadir of 0.7 ng/mL and then increased gradually up to 7 ng/mL, which led to the diagnosis of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) in 2006. He received EMP (313.4 mg/day) from December 2006 to July 2007. PSA level decreased and leukocytosis over 20000/μL occurred after the treatment with EMP (Figure 1). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, when leukocytosis was observed, were less than 0.35 mg/dL. Systemic workups including physical examination, examinations of blood, urine and sputa, together with chest and abdominal CT, did not show any evidence of infection. Since EMP was considered as a potential cause of leukocytosis, we discontinued the administration of EMP in July 2007. Thereafter, the leukocyte count returned to the baseline level. The differential leukocyte count showed neutrophilia (over 7500/μL) and monocytosis (over 500/μL) although all the leukocyte subsets changed in number in response to EMP in more or less a similar fashion (Figure 2). Because of a PSA elevation due to the discontinuation of EMP, he received EMP again from December 2007 to July 2008. A similar change in leukocyte counts, due to the treatment with EMP, was observed again. Before July 2008, he had not received any steroids such as prednisolone and dexamethasone other than EMP. The PSA level decreased once by the EMP administration but thereafter increased gradually. Then, we switched EMP to the chemotherapy with docetaxel (DTX) in December 2008.³ Because of its adverse effect of fatigue, he chose the best supportive care and was transferred to a hospital near his home.

Figure 1 Changes in PSA level and leukocyte count during the hormone therapy.

Abbreviation: PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 2 Changes in differential count of leukocytes during the hormone therapy.

Discussion

Leukocytosis in solid tumor patients could be caused by various factors such as infections, bone marrow metastasis, and administration of corticosteroids.^4,5 In the present case, it seems that leukocytosis was induced by EMP as leukocytosis was repeatedly observed after each administration of EMP without any sign of infection. A possible explanation for the leukocytosis observed might be as follows: EMP acts on normal cells involved in the hematopoiesis and/or prostate cancer cells themselves,⁶ and induces the production of hematopoiesis-associated colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), resulting in the leukocytosis. Furthermore, it was shown that estron and 17-beta-estradiol induce granulocytic differentiation in experimental studies.^7,8 These studies support the possibility that major metabolites of EMP such as estron and 17-beta-estradiol might play an important role in the leukocytosis induced by EMP.

DTX-based chemotherapy is the standard therapy against HRPC based on the clinical trials of TAX 327.³ and SWOG 99-16.⁹ published in 2004. In the SWOG 99-16 study, median survival time was longer in patients treated with DTX and EMP compared with those with mitoxantrone alone.⁹ However, whether EMP is necessary in combination with DTX is controversial. Considering leukopenia is the dose-limiting toxicity of DTX, the present finding of EMP-induced leukocytosis in an HRPC patient might imply an additional role of EMP in the chemotherapy with DTX against HRPC. Namely, EMP might have a myeloprotective effect in the chemotherapy with DTX as the third effect in addition to its cytotoxic and hormone effects. This implication is supported by the metaanalysis of patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer.¹⁰ This study showed that the addition of EMP to chemotherapy regimens decreases the risk of chemotherapy-related neutropenia compared with chemotherapy without EMP.

In conclusion, the present case suggests that EMP could modulate leukocyte differentiation in HRPC patients. However, further studies are required to examine the frequency and extent of leukocytosis in response to EMP in HRPC patients, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the leukocytosis in response to EMP, and to clarify whether EMP has a myeloprotective effect in the DTX-based chemotherapy.

Disclosure

The author reports no conflicts of interest relevant to this work.