An Update of Urine and Blood Metabolomics in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is considered as a serious obstacle in global health, with increasing incidence and prevalence. In spite of numerous attempts by using recent omics technologies, specially metabolomics, for understanding pathophysiology, molecular mechanism and identification reliable consensus biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of this complex disease, the current biomarkers are still insensitive and many questions about its pathomechanism are still to be unanswered. This review is focused on recent findings about urine and serum/plasma metabolite biomarkers and changes in the pathways that occurs in the disease conditions. The urine and blood metabolome content in the normal and disease state is investigated based on the current metabolomics studies and well known metabolite candidate biomarkers for chronic kidney disease are discussed.

Keywords:

• asymmetric dimethylarginine
• chronic kidney disease
• metabolite biomarkers
• metabolomics
• nuclear magnetic resonance
• plasma metabolome
• symmetric dimethylarginine
• trimethylamine N-oxide
• uremic solutes
• urine metabolome

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center and Urology and Nephrology Research Center for their support. The authors also would like to thank Dr Mohammad Naji for the comments.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.