Identification of a β-Casein-Like Peptide in Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid That is Associated with Breast Cancer

Abstract

Aims: Nipple aspirate fluid was collected prospectively from women scheduled for diagnostic breast surgery in order to determine protein masses associated with breast cancer, subsets of women with a unique proteomic profile and a breast cancer predictive model. Materials & methods: Breast nipple aspirate fluid was collected preoperatively in 163 breasts from 125 women and analyzed for changes in cell morphology and by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry over approximately a 44 kDa range (1.5–45 kDa) using IMAC30, CM10 and Q10 ProteinChips. Results: Considering all samples, 16 protein masses were associated with the presence of cancer, the most discriminating being 3592, 6570/6580 and 15870 Da. Excluding women with pathologic nipple discharge or those with a papilloma identified an additional protein of 6383 Da. The best cancer detection models included Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, age, and either the 4262 (best sensitivity: >87%) or 3592 (best specificity: >94%) peak. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry demonstrated the 3592 peak, which was most discriminating in many of our cancer prediction models, to be a β-casein-like peptide. Conclusion: Differential nipple aspirate fluid proteomic expression exists between women with/without breast cancer. The most discriminating protein identified is a β-casein-like peptide not previously described. Combining proteomic and clinical information, which are available before surgery, optimizes the prediction of which women have breast cancer.

KEYWORDS::

• biomarker
• breast cancer
• early detection
• nipple aspirate fluid
• proteomics

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors received funding through NIH grant CA 95484. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Ethical conduct of research

The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. In addition, for investigations involving human subjects, informed consent has been obtained from the participants involved.

Additional information

Funding

The authors received funding through NIH grant CA 95484. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.